篇一：英文论文写作指导
论文写作中常出现的语法问题
有的语法对科技论文写作可能关系不大，如将来式的用法，但同样一些语法对科技论文写作特别重要，清晰的实验描述和准确的思想表达对科技写作尤其重要，宁愿多写一些句子，也要把事情表达清楚，也就是不能为达到简洁而牺牲清晰。句子可以写得简单，用词可以有些单调，但语句的意思一定要清楚。科技写作的语法特点就是为了保证语句的清晰，不同的人对英语语法的掌握程度不同，下面介绍一些科技写作中经常遇到的语法问题。
1. 主语和谓语的单数和复数要一致
英语中名词有它的单数和复数形式，动词也有它的单数和复数形式，二者要一致。单数主语 (subject) 名词要用动词 (verb) 的单数 (singular) 形式，复数主语名词要用动词的复数 (plural) 形式。我们写中文的不太习惯英语的这种写法，很难做到不假思索地配对，需要特别留心才能不出错误，特别是当主语名词和动词被分开时。试看下面的例句。
A high percentage of peptides that are made of amino acids are present in the sample.
A high percentage 才是真正的主语，而不是邻近的 amino acids，所以应该用单数形式。
宜改为: A high percentage of peptides that are made of amino acids is present in the sample.
让事情更复杂的是英语名词被分为不同的种类，其中的一类叫集合名词。它既可以当单数用词也可以当复数用。集合名词当整体来讲时是单数，每个成员作为个体时用复数。
The number of mice in the experiment was increased.
A number of mice have died.
All of the samples were analyzed.
All of the safety procedures was strictly followed.
代词 none 既可以是单数也可以是复数。当 none 后面的词是单数时，用单数动词；当 none 后面的词是复数时，用复数动词 .
None of the information was useful.
None of the animals were starved. 描写数量、重量、体积、时间等的词用单数，但如果是分次添加或减少时用复数。在这个意义上同集合名词类似。
1.5 ml was added.
10 g was added .
6 hours was the required incubation time.
简写的数量单位， 如 mg, ml, s 等，单数和复数的写法是一样的，如 1mg, 5 mg.
一些词如 series, type, portion, class, 要用单数形式。
A series of derivatives of penicillin was prepared.
A large portion of the reports is focused on how to deal with the increased cost. 2. 修饰语同主语名词关系上要一致
当用 1) 动名词 (gerund)，2) 分词短句 (participle)，3) 不定式短句 (infinitive) 作修饰语时，修饰语中的动词要同主句中的主语名词关系上要一致。科技杂志论文中有这种语法错误的情况较多。严格来讲这只是种语法错误，一般不影响对句子的内容的理解，所以很多作者不太注意。编辑和阅稿人有时也没有严格要求改正。比如下面就是Nature杂志2006年第439卷中的一个例子。
Using the enhancer GAL4/UAS expression system, short-term memory traces of aversive and appetitive olfactory conditioning have been assigned to output synapses of subsets of intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies.
1) 动名词
After finishing the purification, the activity of the isolated compound was then
studied.
We or I 是动名词 finishing 形式上的主语，同主句的主语activity不一致。 宜改为: After purification was finished, the activity of the isolated compound was then studied.
或: After finishing the purification, we studied the activity of the isolated compound.
Treated with the new drug, the blood cholesterol levels of participants were lowered by an average of 30%.
宜改为: Treated with the new drug, participants showed an average of 30% decrease in their blood cholesterol levels.
2) 分词短句
The iron concentration was determined using the Fenton reaction method. The iron concentration 同 using the Fenton reaction method 关系上不一致。 宜改为 : The iron concentration was determined by the Fenton reaction method. 或 : We determined the iron concentration using the Fenton reaction method. When measuring the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide, air samples from a remote place, such as an island, is preferred.
宜改为: When the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide is measured, air samples from a remote place, such as an island, is preferred.
3) 不定式短句
To further investigate the potential role of biking in causing infertility, an expanded population of biking athletes was surveyed.
不定式短语的形式主语是 we or I，同主句主语 population 不一致。
宜改为: To further investigate the potential role of biking in causing infertility, we surveyed an expanded population of biking athletes.
To confirm the diagnosis, blood test was ordered.
宜改为 : To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor ordered blood test.
3. 主语和主语的行动 (谓语) 在逻辑上要一致
由于一些中文和英文的表达方式不同，把中文直接翻译成相应的英文会讲不通。一个经常被引用的语句是 “price is cheap”。中文可以说价格便宜，但英文只能说价格高或低。物品可以说 cheap or expensive。用中文的表达方式来写英文，会出现主语和主语的行动在逻辑上不一致。在写一个句子时要注意行动的真正主语名词是什么。下面是一些例子。
The highest antibiotic
不是 production 而是 production yield.
宜改为: The highest antibiotic production yield was obtained at 48 h.
The scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals was based on Fenton reaction. 不是 activity 而是 assay of activity
宜改为: The assay of scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals was based on Fenton reaction.
The pharmacological compounds of ginseng were identified.
药物活性化合物应该是 pharmacologically active compounds.
宜改为: The pharmacologically active compounds of ginseng were identified.
4. 代名词和其代理的先行词要一致
代名词和其代理的先行词要在人称、单数或复数、和性别上一致。一些常见的代词是: he, his ( 阳性单数 ); she, her ( 阴性单数 ); it, its ( 单数 ); they, their, these, those ( 复数 ); that, this ( 单数 ). 比如下面的例句中, compounds 和 their 一致, protein 和 it 一致。
Many related compounds were synthesized and their antivirus activities were studied.
Growth hormone is a protein. It promotes human body growth.
下面的例句中, the 应该用 their 取代。
The potential antioxidant capacity of compound A and compound B could be deduced from the protective effects against oxidative stresses.
宜改为 : The potential antioxidant capacity of compound A and compound B could be deduced from their protective effects against oxidative stresses.
用代名词时除了要保持一致外，还要避免代理不清的情况出现，以免不清楚它们到底指什么而引起误解。
The crude sample was dissolved in water and extracted with organic solvent. It was then evaporated to yield the product.
It 指 organic layer 还是指 water layer? 不明确，最好不用it.
宜改为：The crude sample was dissolved in water and extracted with organic solvent. The organic layer was then evaporated to yield the product.
During meal hormones are released after which blood flow increases in the stomach.
Which 既可以代表 meal 也可以代表 hormones, 容易产生误解 .
宜改为： During meal hormones are released. After their release stomach blood flow increases.
5. 位置的强调作用
在英语写作中，若要强调某件事情，就把它放在句子的前面。中文写作中, 有关句子的条件, 时间等的修饰句都是放在前面，而主句总是放在后面。而英文中即可以把条件或修饰句放在前面，也可以放在后面。放在前面就表示你要强调修饰句的条件。比如:
Before the hurricane arrived, most of the people have moved out.
Most of the people have moved out before the hurricane arrived.
在英语中两种位置关系都可以。前者强调在 hurricane 来之前，后者强调 moved out . 而在中文中，只有一种说法，反过来说“大多数人都离开了在hurricane 来之前” 就不对了。按中文的位置关系直译成英文，往往会不确切。同样按英文的位置关系直译成中文也是怪怪的。我上小学的孩子回家来喊 “我要吃冰激凌今天，我没吃好长时间了”, 就是英文 “I want ice cream today. I have not eaten it for a long time.” 的直接翻译。
科技写作中，一般还是把主句先写出来，除非你想强调修饰的是条件。
篇二：英文论文写作引用指导
1)
If you are paraphrasing from any source in which the author’s name is given, you must mention the author’s surname, date of publication and the page number.
For example:
Chase (1979:204) reported that…
According to Henderson and King (1987:176), …
2)
If you are summarising the overall idea of a book or article, you just have mention the author’s surname and date of publication. The page number is not necessary.
For Example:
The study concluded that there was no clear link between obesity and genetics (Smith, 2006).
3)
If you are citing from a source written by more than two authors, rather than writing the name of every author, use the name of the first author followed by et al, which means and others.
For example:
Jones et al (2001) explained that…
4)
If you are using an authoritative source but there is no author, you should cite the name of the organisation in the text.
For example:
A report published by the BBC (2004) indicated that…
There has been a slight increase in the number of homeless children in developed countries in the last 10 years (UNESCO, 2008). 5)
If you are giving exact quotations, you should identify the page numbers on which the quotations can be found.
For example:
Black (2007:143) claims that, ‘……………………………..’
6)
If the quotation is 3 lines of longer, you should indent the whole quotation.
For example:
The presence of ghrelin added weight to the argument:
Made in the stomach, ghrelin levels rise when people are hungry and wane after a meal. People who get injections of the hormone gorge themselves, while those suffering from a rare disease that keeps ghrelin levels unusually high tend to be obese overeaters
(Callaway, 2008:129).
7)
If you are referring to the work of an author who is cited in someone else’s work, you must mention both authors.
For example:
O’Neill (2000, cited in Bell, 2003:64) discovered that…
in the reference list. In this example, only Bell would be in the reference list. * Please note that only the author of the book/journal that you read should be included
The way you reference the information that you cite depends much on the type of source that you use. Here are some examples.
1. Book: Single author
Author. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.
Chase, J.A. (1979). Advertising: the hits and myths. New York: Doubleday.
Book: Multiple authors
Authors. Date. Title. Place: Publisher.
Henderson, R.S. and King, P.Q. (1987). The tenets of moral philosophy. New York: Van Nostrand.
Book: Chapter from an edited book with different contributors
Author. Date. Title: subtitle of the chapter. In Editors of book (eds.), Title of book. (page reference). Place: Publisher.
Andrews, R.A. (1989). Language. In K. Smith (Ed.), Variety of memory & consciousness. (p.252-267). London: Penguin.
Book: No author
Title. Date. Place: Publisher.
Oxford English Dictionary. (2003). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Article: Journal has a volume number and an issue number
Author. Date. Title of article. Title of journal, volume number, page reference.
Kruger, J.P. (1988). Sexism in advertising. Communicare, 7(2), 12-15.
Article: Newspaper - Author (name of reporter/author is known)
Author. Date, including month & day. Title of article. Title of newspaper, page reference.
Stewart, M.T. (1988, May 17th). Privatisation in the dock. The Guardian, p.12.
Article: Newspaper - anonymous (no name of reporter/author)
Title of article. Date, including month & day. Title of newspaper, page reference.
New drug appears to sharply cut the risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 30th) The Washington Post, p. 4.
3.Internet
Author. Date (created/last updated). Title of website. Date you retrieved the information. Full web address
Brown, K. (2005). Teaching and Learning. Retrieved March 6th, 2006 from:
/retype/zoom/471da019f18583d049645937?pn=4&x=0&y=0&raww=1166&rawh=149&o=png_6_0_0_135_52_630_81_918_1188&type=pic&aimh=61.337907375643226&md5sum=bf7487b83c9d8ae6722c378559178875&sign=7f64a2542e&zoom=&png=206243-&jpg=0-0" target="_blank">点此查看
Swan, B., Bell, M. and Watson, S. (2001). Learner English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
篇三：英语作文经典模板
英语作文经典模板
作文中常用的转折词有下列：
表层次：to begin with, to start with, in the first place, in the second
place, furthermore, what’s more, last but not least, equally important to, in addition, besides
表转折：by/in contrast, despite the fact that, on the contrary, in spite
of , on the other hand, at the same time, otherwise, instead 表因果：therefore, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a consequence, as a
result, in this way，
on that account (由于那个缘故)
表举例：for example, for instance, for one thing that is to illustrate, 表解释：as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, namely, in other words
一、 解决问题的优点和缺点：
In recent years, we are faced with a problem --------A, which is becoming more and more serious . First, ---------.Second, ----------. Last but not least, ---------.
Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------. For another, ------------. Finally, --------.
As far as I am concerned, I hold the view that---------解决问题的方法 . Consequently, I?m confident that a bright future is awaiting us
because -----------带来的好处.
二、 说明利弊：
1． 说明事物的现状；2. 事物本身的优点和缺点; 3. 你对事物的看法.
Nowadays many people prefer A because it plays a significant role in our daily life. In general,
Its advantages can be seen as follows. Firstly, --------A的优点之一. Besides,-------- A的优点之二. What?s more, --------A的优点之三.
However, every coin has its two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------A的缺点之
一. In addition, ---------A的缺点之二. To make matters worse, ----------A的缺点之三.
Through the above analysis, I think that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I?d like to hold my view that---------我的看法.
From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only in this way can we -------对前景的预测.
三、 议论文
1． 不同观点的说明
There is a widespread concern over the issue that -------作文题目. But it is well known that the
opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that -------观点之一. In their views there are two factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, -------原因之一. Furthermore / in the second place, -------原因之二 . So it goes without saying that --------观点之一.
People , however, differ from their opinion on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ------. From their point of view, on the one hand, -------观点之二. On the other hand, -------原因之一. Therefore, there is no doubt that -------原因之二.
In conclusion, I firmly support the view that --------原因之一或原因之
二. It is not only because --------, but also because----------. The more we ---------, the more ---------.
2． 利弊型议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) --------作文题目. Actually, there are both advantages and disadvantages in -------题目议论. Generally speaking, it is widely believed that there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, --------优点之一. Secondly, ---------优点之二. And finally, --------优点之三.
Just as a popular saying goes, “every coin has its two sides”, ---------讨论议题 is no exception. And in other word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, --------缺点之一. In addition, -------缺点之二. What?s more, --------缺点之三.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of --------讨论议题into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ---------讨论议题.
3． 答题型议论文
At present, there is a widespread concern over the issue that ------作文题目. It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we should spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As is known to all, there are many steps which can be taken to solve this problem. First of all, -------途径一. Additionally, another way contributing to success in solving the problem is -------途径二. What?s more, we can also -------途径三.
Above all, to solve the problem of --------作文题目, we should find many various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to settle the problem is this way, that is to say, --------方法. 四、 图表作文的结构
英语书面表达占有重要地位，只要同学们训练得法，肯下功夫，记忆常用语句并根据情况灵活运用，书面表达的水平一定会有很大程度的提高。
图表变化类用语：图表作文要求学生从表格或图片出发，通常分为三个步骤
第一步：对表格或图表进行叙述 常用句型为 : As the pie chart
shows, / As can be seen from the pie chart, 第二步：对表格或图表进行成因的分析
主题句+ 原因1 + 原因2 + 原因3。主题句为：There are
several factors contributing to _______. 原因1________.
The second reason is that _______原因2. Furthermore, 原因
3__________. All these result in _________.
第三步：个人观点或解决问题的办法
主题句+ 建议或个人观点+ 前景的预测或愿望
However, ________ is faced with some problems. With
_______, the influence of which is not only discouraging us ,
but also challenging us. As for us, my principle is to pay due
attention to_______, but not just to ________.
参考模板一：
The chart gives us an overall picture of the ________(图表主题). The first thing we notice is that ______（图表最大特点）. This means that as ________（进一步说明）.
We can see from the statistics given that ________(图表细节一).
After v—ing （细节中的第
一个变化）, the ________ V—ed + 幅度 + 时间. The figures also tell us that ________ (图表细节二). (数据位置， 如 In the column), we can see that _______ accounts for _________