篇一：老托福阅读100篇【免费下载】
智课网TOEFL备考资料
老托福阅读100篇【免费下载】
摘要： 备考托福阅读的考生，最需要的就是不停的练习，俗话说：熟能生巧，只有多做阅读练习题，才能取得好成绩，今天为大家奉献老托福阅读100篇，考生们可以下载来练习。
这次为大家分享的老 托福 阅读100篇都是非常不错的 托福阅读 练习材料，内容丰富并且完全符合 托福考试 的难度标准，可以让考生的托福阅读水平得到很好的提高。
《老托福阅读100篇》中文章的正文是以如下形式展现给大家的：
According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.
In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930's. In 1914 Hey Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.
The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.
在每一篇文章下面会有10个左右的选择题目：
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相关字搜索： 老托福阅读100篇
篇二：老托福阅读100篇分类整理大全
智课网TOEFL备考资料
老托福阅读100篇分类整理大全
摘要： 做完老托阅读100篇，TPO1-26的所有文章，以及各种绿色，红色，棕色，紫色的资料，但是回头再看，除了TPO，对于备战托福初期的孩子最好的资料就是老托，小编根据学科进行了分类整理，并且总结了每篇的主题，需要的同学可以自己下载，针对自己的学科背景知识弱项分类进行总结，希望对大家有用。
新 托福 阅读涉及的范围非常广，本次为你介绍的老 托福阅读 100篇，主要是按照学科进行分类，有教育学、心理学、天文知识、地理类等等不同类的知识，下面我们就来具体了解一下。
老托福阅读100篇节选内容：
The Origins of Cetaceans
It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breath(本文来自：WwW.dXf5.coM 东星 资源网:老托福100篇阅读)e through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.
The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too
small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after
Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea
1. Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail of a whale
2. Blowhole: a hole in the top of the head used for breathing
以上内容就是老托福阅读100篇分类整理大全，同学们可以通过训练以上题型，同时将我们考试过程中可能会遇到不同类型的词汇整理成一个资料，并详加记忆。
篇三：老托福阅读100篇【阅读素材】
智课网TOEFL备考资料
老托福阅读100篇【阅读素材】
摘要： 老托福阅读100篇，TPO1-26的所有文章，集合全网各处资源，大家都知道TPO，这是备考托福的最佳资料，除此之外就是我们所说的老托福了。
参加2015年 托福 考试的考生，备战 托福阅读 考试需要我们大量的练习，老托福阅读100篇分享给大家，希望对广大考生会有一定的帮助。
老托福阅读100篇，根据学科详细分类整理，并且总结了每一篇文章的主题，有需要的同学可以自己下载。针对自己的弱项进行针对性的学习，希望对大家的考试有所帮助。
2004.01
After 1785, the production of children's books in the United States increased but remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimate]y, however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newhery, but Anglo-Irish author Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children's literature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism. Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles for
instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children's book market expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction Maria Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructive enough to allay adult distrust of fiction.
American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812 with the British. A wave of
nationalism permeated everything, and the self-conscious new nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers of children's books began to encourage American writers to write for American children. When they
responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820's, stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care, of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American presses, successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative as they were, these early American stories were quite distinguishable from their British counterparts. Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of birth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious. self-reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier American moralistic tradition in children's books.
Lichens. probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not just on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the first life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche. Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that anchors the plant, The other
component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants, algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacture
their own food. The fungi arc believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to the partnership.
Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce (as is often the case on a
mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that condition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is no rain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface of the plants at night, And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strong ultraviolet rays in the mountains.
Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old that they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain of these lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years. For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got together to form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen to encounter one another. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never been separated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by animals; these toll or are blown to a new location
......
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以上就是有关老托福阅读100篇的部分内容，完整版内容可以通过扫描页面中的二维码即可获得，最后祝愿大家在即将到来的 托福考试 过程中取得优异的成绩。