当前位置: 东星资源网 > 大学生 > 心理 > 正文

心理学,翻译

时间:2017-03-21 来源:东星资源网 本文已影响 手机版

篇一:翻译全文

ar Disorders

抑郁症和心血管疾病

Mary A. Whooley and Jonathan M.Wong

Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2013. 9:327–54

2、关键字:冠心病,重度抑郁症,精神病(学)治疗法,治疗(coronary artery disease, major depressive disorder, psychiatry, treatment)

3、摘要:在过去的二十年间,在抑郁症和心血管疾病领域的研究呈爆发式增长,多项研究表明:抑郁症在患有心血管疾病的人群中是十分普遍的。在健康群体中,抑郁对于心血管疾病的发展是一个十分危险的因素,同时在原有心血管疾病群体中,抑郁症还能够预测出不良后果(例如心肌梗死和死亡)。机理研究表明:不健康的行为(例如躯体活动不足,药物依从性差,吸烟更能够导致这种联系)。小型随机试验发现抗抑郁治疗可以改善心脏的结果。基于这种逐渐积累的证据,美国心脏协会建议对于具有抑郁倾向的所有心血管疾病的患者进行常规筛查。这篇综述为了检测在抑郁症和心血管疾病方面主要的流行病学文献并且讨论我们最近了解的这两种症状之间联系的负责机制。我们也检测最近推荐的筛查,诊断和抑郁症管理。我们的结论是突出新研究领域并且讨论心血管疾病患者抑郁症的治疗管理。

During the past two decades, research in the field of depression and cardiovascular disorders has exploded. Multiple studies have demonstrated that depression is more prevalent in populations with cardiovascular disease, is a

心理学,翻译

robust risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease in healthy populations, and is predictive of adverse outcomes (such as myocardial infarction and death) among populations with preexisting cardiovascular disease. Mechanistic studies have shown that poor health behaviors, such as physical inactivity, medication nonadherence, and smoking, strongly contribute to this association. Small randomized trials have found that antidepressant therapies may improve cardiac outcomes. Based on this accumulating evidence,the American Heart Association has recommended routine screening for depression in all patients with coronary heart disease. This review examines the key epidemiological literature on depression and cardiovascular disorders and discusses our current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this association. We also examine current recommendations for screening, diagnosis, and management of depression. We conclude by highlighting new research areas and discussing therapeutic management of depression

in patients with cardiovascular disorders.

4、Introduction

到2030年,重度抑郁症(MDD)预计将成为全球残疾、下呼吸道感染、腹泻的主要原因。尽管一些方面的负担是由于重度抑郁症在人类生产力和生活质量上的深远影响,但很大一部分是由于它与医学疾病有关,特别是心血管疾病。心血管疾病增加重度抑郁者的脆弱性因为他们的症状负担、心理压力、经济困难、功能受限。同样的,抑郁症的存在(这里定义为重度抑郁症或明显的抑郁症状伴随大量功能障碍)会增加许多心血管疾病的风险,包括冠心病(CAD)、脑血管疾病(CVD),外周动脉疾病(PAD)、心力衰竭(HF)。这种双向关系会导致一种身心状况不佳的自我循环。

By 2030, major depressive disorder (MDD) is projected to become the leading cause of worldwide disability, overtaking lower respiratory infections and diarrheal diseases .Although some of this burden is due to the profound effects of MDD on human productivity and quality of life, a substantial portion relates to its association with medical illnesses, particularly cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disorders increase vulnerability to MDD because of their symptom burden, psychological stress, financial hardship, and functional limitations. Likewise,the presence of depression (defined here

as either MDD or significant depressive symptoms with substantial functional impairment) increases risk of many cardiovascular disorders, including coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and heart failure (HF). This bidirectional relationship can result in a self-perpetuating cycle of poor mental and physical health.

抑郁症的患病率是很难确定的,因为它随着性别(女性>男性),年龄(年轻>年老),种族(白人>黑人),诊断标准(自我报告症状>临床医生访谈),时间(一生>12个月>目前),社会经济地位(低层>高层),地理区域,患者人群(住院部>门诊部>社区居住)和并存病的存在而不断变化。在美国,重度抑郁症患者大约有6%到7%个点的患病率,患病率大约为12%一年,一辈子的患病率为20%。这个重度抑郁症的患病率在门诊心血管病人和为了心血管事件住院的人(例如急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS),急性心肌梗死(MI),心脏衰竭(HF),冠状动脉旁路移植术,脑血管疾病(CVD)或者外周动脉疾病(PAD)中大大提高了。

4、冠心病

1993年Frasure-Smith和他的同事证明了重度抑郁对于心肌梗死的死亡率是一个独立危险因素。自从那时,数

十个流行病学研究已经在预先具有和不具有冠心病的人群中检测到抑郁症和心血管预后是有关联的。由于抑郁症患者不能够被随机分配,所以没有方法证实它和冠心病的联系是具有因果关系的,并且争议总是存在。然而,大量的证据表明,抑郁症在冠心病人群中更普遍,对于健康群体中冠心病的发展是一个强大的风险因素。在原有冠心病群体中,抑郁症还能够预测出不良后果。

In 1993, Frasure-Smith and colleagues demonstrated that MDD is an independent risk factor for mortality followingMI . Since then, dozens of epidemiological studies have examined the association between depression and cardiovascular outcomes in populations with and without preexisting CAD. Since depression cannot be randomly assigned, there is no way to prove that its association with CAD is causal, and controversy will always remain . However, the bulk of evidence indicates that depression is more prevalent in populations with CAD ,is a robust risk factor for the development of CAD in healthy populations , and is predictive of adverse cardiovascular outcomes among populations with preexisting CAD .

5、健康人群

篇二:心理学专业外语翻译第8页

ychology

ORIGINS AND HISTORY ? The

humanistic

movement

developed in America in the early 1960s,and was termed the third force in psychology since it aimed to replace the two main approaches in the subject at that time; Behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Influenced by gestalt pshychology’s idea studying whole units, and existential philosophy with its belief in conscious free will , humanists argued that behaviourism’s artificial and dehumanising approach and psychoanalysis’s

gloomy

determinism were insufficient to provide a complete psychology. ? The humanistic approach aimed to

investigate all the uniquely human aspects of experience such as love ,hope, creativity , ect .and emphasised the importance of the individual’ interaction with the environment .Humanists such as Maslow ,believed that

every individual

has

the

need

to

self-actualise or reach their

心理学的人本主义研究方法

起源与历史

? 人本主义运动发展壮大于20世纪

60年代初的美国, 由于它旨在取代这一领域的两大心理学核心研究方法而被称为心理学的第三势力。受格式塔心理学研究整体的思想,和存在主义哲学对自由意志崇尚的影响,人本主义者论证道:行为主义的机械的和非人化 的方法以及精神分析学阴沉的决定论不足支撑完整的心理学。

? 人本主义心理学目的在于探讨人

类独有的经验,例如,爱、希望、创造力等,并且强调个人与环境相互作用的重要性.人本主义者如马斯洛相信每个人都有自我实现的或达到自己潜能的需要,罗杰斯的患者疗法—患者中心疗法是来帮助个体在此过程中完成自我实现。

potentia,and Rogers developed client –centred therapy to help indviduals in this process of self-actualisation. Carl Rogers

‘Humanistic psychology has as its ultimate goal the preparation of a complete description of what it means to be

alive

as

a

human

being.’

Bugental(1967) ASSUMPTION

Bugental(1967), the first president of the American Association for Humanistic Psycholohy,described

some

of

its

fundamental assumption :

? A proper understanding of human

nature can only be gained from studying humans,not other animals. ? Psychology should research areas

that are meaningful and important to human existence,not neglect them because

they

are

too

difficult .Psychology should be applied to eich human life. ? Psychology should study internal

experience as well as external behaviour

and

consider

that

individuals can show some degree of free will.

卡尔?罗杰斯

“人本主义心理学把对人类来说存在意义的完整阐述作为其终极目标。” 巴根特尔(1967)

理论假设

第一届美国人本主义心理学协

会主席巴根特尔(1967)描述了一些基本的假设:

? 只有通过研究人类,而绝非其他的

动物,才能获取对人性的合理理解,。

? 心理学应当研究对人类的生存有

意义且重要的区域,而并非因为困难而忽视它们。心理学应当被用来丰富人类的生活。

? 心理学应当像研究外显行为一样

研究内在经验并且认为个体能够在一定程度上展现自由意志。

? Psychology should study the

individual case (an idiographic method) rather than the average performance

of

groups(a

nomothetic approach).

In general, humanistic Psychologists assume that the Whole person should be studied in their environmental context . METHORDS OF INVESTIGATION Humanist take a phenomenological approach, investigating the individual’s conscious experience of the world .For this reason they employ the idiographic case study method, and use a variety of individualistic techniques such as ? Flexible open ended interviews ? The Q-sprt technique,where the

participant is given one hundred different statement on cards ,such as ‘I don’t trust my emotions’ or ‘I have an attractive personality’ which they have to sort into piles for personal relevance. AREAS OF EXPLANATION The humanistic has been applied to relatively few areas of psychology compared to other approaches. The main areas of explanation have been in

? 心理学应当研究个案而不是团体

的平均表现。

总之,人本主义心理学家认为对整个人的研究应当在他们的生存环境中进行。 调查研究方法

心理学家运用现象学方法研究个体的有意识的经验。由于这个原因,他们使用特殊规律个案研究法并且使用不同的个体化技术,例如:

? 灵活开放性的访谈

? Q分类技术 在运用时,给与每一

个参与者具有一百个不同语句的卡片,例如:我不信任我的情绪,或者我有一个吸引人的个性。他们要把这些语句分类成个性相关的一类按照相关的个性进行分类。

阐述领域

相对于其他方法而言,人本主义已经被应用于与心理学相关的一些领域,最主要的领域在:

? Personality/self identity,e.g.Rogers’s

self theory

? Motivation,e.g.Maslow’s hierarchy

of needs and self-actualization ? Abnormality,e.g. due to imposed

conditions of worth by others or the inability

to

accept

the

true

self .Humanists bare against the nomothetic classification

of

abnormality

PRAICAL APPLICATIONS

The humanistic approach’s primary application has been to therapeutic treatment

for

anybody

suffering

‘problems with living’.Some humanistic therapies include

? Client-centered therapy-where by

the client is encouraged to develop positive self-regard and overcome mismatch between their perceived self,true self,and ideal self

? Gestalt therapy-developed by Fritz

Perls ,the aim is to help the client become a ‘whole’(gestalt )person by getting them to accept every aspect of themselves STRENGTHS

The humanistic approach has contributed to psychology by

? 个性/自我认同,例如:罗杰斯的

‘自我理论’

? 动机:例如 马斯洛的需要层次理

论和自我实现

? 变态 例如 由于被他人强加的条

件或无法接受真实的自我 。人本主义者毫无遮掩的反对变态的常规分类。具体应用

人本主义方法的主要应用来为遭受生活困扰的人做治疗。一些人本主义治疗包括

? 以求诊者为中心的治疗方法—— ? 患者如何被鼓励去建立积极的自

我关注以及克服他们的本我、自我和超我之间的不协调

? 格式塔疗法——由波尔斯发展而

来,它的目标是帮助病人通过接受他们自己的每一方面从而成为一个完整的人。 优势

人本主义方法对心理学的贡献为:

? Re-emphasizing the need to study

consciousness

and

human

experience for a complete study of the subject

? Serving as a valuable agent of

criticism against the extremes of the earlier major approaches

? Highlighting the value of more

individualistic

and

idiographic

methods of study ,particularly in the areas of personality and abnormality ? Emphasizing the importance of self

–actualisation ,responsibility, freedom

of

choice,and

social

context in therapy WEAKNESSES Humanistic

psychology

has

not,however,had the significant impact on mainstream academic psychology that the other approaches have.This is probably because humanists deliberately take a less scientific approach to studying humans since

? Their belief in free will is in

opposition to the deterministic laws of science

·They adopt a more idiographic approach, seeking the more unique aspects

of

individuals,rather

than

producing generalized

? 再次强调,一个完整的研究必须包

括意识和人类经验

? 作为一个有价值的批评依据来反

对早期的主要的极端主义方法

? 突出更多个人的价值和研究的具

体方法,尤其是在个性和变态领域

? 强调自我实现、责任、选择自由以

及社会背景在治疗中的重要性缺点

然而,人本主义心理学并没有像其他方法一样对主流心理学学术有重要的影响。这可能是因为人本主义者很少运用科学方法来研究人类 由于:

? 他们自由意识的信仰违背了既定

的科学规律义(普遍)规律

? 他们采用更具体的方法,寻求个体

更多的不同寻常的方面,而不是发现应(适)用于每个人的行为的广

篇三:心理学专业外语翻译第10页

>

psychology

ORIGINS AND HISTORY

? Sometimes known as the physiological,

biopsychological, neurophysiological, nativist (considering nature rather than nurture ) or innate approach.

? The biological approach to psychological

matters has integrated with and run parallel to the rest of psychological thought since early Greek times-the Greek physician Galen suggested that personality and temperament may be linked to levels of body fluids such as blood and bile in the body.

? As knowledge of human anatomy, physiology,

biochemistry,

and

medicine

developed,

important insights for human behaviour and experience were gained. Penfield for example mapped the role of various areas of the cerebral cortex through microelectrode stimulation with conscious patients. Sperry investigated the effects of splitting the cerebral hemispheres on consciousness and psychological function. ? The field will progress still further as the

technology to isolate the effects of genes and scan the living brain develops.

ASSUMPTIONS

Biologically orientated psychologists assume

心理学的生物学研究方法

起源与历史

? 这种方法有时被认为是生理学的、生理心理

学的、神经生理学的、先天的(即自然得到的而不是后天获得的)或本能的研究方法。

? 心理学的生物学研究方法已经与希腊早期以

来的思想融合而且并行存在,希腊医生盖伦认为人的个性和气质可能与体液水平(如血液和胆汁在体内的水平)相关联。

? 伴随人体解剖学、生理学、生化学和医学知

识的发展,人类对自身的行为和经验有了重要的见解。例如Penfield通过微电极刺激有意识的患者绘制出了大脑皮质的不同区域的作用,佩斯里调查研究 大脑两半球的分裂对意识和心理功能的影响。

? 随着旨在杜绝基因的影响并能审视活体大脑

的技术的发展,这一领域会取得更大的进步。

理论假设

生物学取向的心理学家假定:

that ? all

that

is

psychological

is

first

physiological-that is since the mind appears to reside in the brain, all thoughts, feelings and behaviours

ultimately

have

a

physical/biological cause.

? human genes have evolved over millions of

years to adapt behaviour to the environment. Therefore, much behaviour will have a genetic basis.

? psychology should, therefore investigate the

brain,

nervous

system,

endocrine

system ,neurochemistry, and genes

? it is also useful to study why human behaviour

has evolved in the way it has, the subject of evolutionary /sociobiological theory.

METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

The biological approach mainly adopts a nomothetic approach to generalise biological influences on behaviour to all humans with similar physiology, but finds the use of particular ‘special case studies ‘ very useful.

Most common techniques include

? laboratory experimentation-stimulating, giving

drugs to, or removing parts of the body to see what effect it has on behaviour

? laboratory observations-controlled observations

of physical processes , e.g. Sleep

? 所有心理的东西首先起源于生理的,这是因

为,自从人类意识在大脑中出现,所有的思维、情感和行为举止最终都可以归结为生理/生物学的原因。

? 人类基因已经过数百万年的进化演变来使人

的行为适应环境,因而,人类许多行为都有基因基础。

? 因此,心理学应该研究大脑、神经系统、内

分泌系统、神经化学和遗传学。

? 它对于研究为什么人类的行为以这种方式进

化、对进化论和社会生物学理论都是很有用的。

调查研究方法

生理取向的的研究方法主要是采用一般规律的研究方法来归纳出对所有具有相似生理特征的人来说影响其行为的生物性因素,但是他们发现使用“特殊案例”的研究方法是很有用的。

大多数常见的技术包括:

? 实验室实验法——实验刺激、药物、或者摘

除身体的某部位来观察它们对行为有什么样的影响。

? 实验室观察法——控制观察人的生理过程,

例如:睡眠

AREAS OF EXPLANATION

Biopsychological researchers have contributed to an understanding of

? gender development –e.g. the influence of

genetic and hormonal predispositions on gender behaviour and identity

? aggression –e.g. investigating the role of the

limbic system

? abnormality –e.g.the dopamine hypothesis and

enlarged ventricle theory of schizophrenia ? memory –e.g. brain scans of areas involved

during memory tests or the effect of brain damage on memory

? motivation –e.g. the role of hypothalamus in

homeostasis

? awareness –e.g. biological theories of sleep,

dreams,and body rhythms

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Biopsychology ‘s main applications have been to ? localisation of function –e.g. the effect on

behaviour of brain damage to certain areas such as language control centres on the left side of the brain

? therapy – such drug treatment, psychosurgery,

or electroconvulsive therapy for mental disorders such as schizophrenia or depression.

解释的领域

生理心理学研究者在对以下知识的理解方面做出了较大贡献:

? 性别发展——例如:基因和荷尔蒙对性别行

为和同一性的影响

? 攻击——例如:研究边缘系统在攻击行为中

的作用

? 变态——例如:提出了精神分裂症的多巴胺

假说和脑室扩大理论

? 记忆——例如:扫描了记忆测试时所激活的

脑区和大脑损伤对记忆的影响

? 动机——例如:在内环境稳定时视下丘脑的

作用

? 警觉——例如:睡眠、做梦和身体节律的生

物学解释

具体应用

生理心理学的主要应用在于

? 机能定位——大脑的某些部位的损伤对行为

的影响,例如语言控制中枢位于大脑的左半球

? 治疗——对精神紊乱如精神分裂症、抑郁症

的药物治疗、心理外科、电痉挛治疗

STRENGTHS

Biopsychology has contributed to psychology in many ways:

? The approach is very scientific, grounded in the

hard science of biology with its objective, materialistic subject matter and experimental methodology.

? It provides strong counter-arguments to the

nurture side of the nature-nurture debate. ? Biopsychology’s practical applications are

usually extremely effective , e.g. the treatment of mental disorder.

WEAKNESSES

? Reductionism –the biopsychological approach

explains thoughts and behaviour in terms of the action of neurones or biochemicals . This may ignore other more suitable levels of explanation and the interaction of causal factors .

? The approach has not adequately explained how

mind and body interact-consciousness and emotion are difficult to study objectively . ? Over simplistic-biopsychological theories often

over-simplify the huge complexity of physical systems

and

their

interaction

with

environmental factors .

长处

生理学对心理学的贡献包括很多方面

? 这种方法是非常科学的,它凭借客观性、唯

物论以及实验方法立足于生物科学领域。

? 它在先天---教养之争中,为支持后天教养的

一方提供了强有力的论证基础。

? 生理心理学的具体实际应用通常都是非常有

效的,例如对治疗精神紊乱的治疗。

缺点

? 还原论——生理心理学研究方法在神经和和

生物化学作用的角度解释了思维和行为反应,这可能忽视了一些其他更合适的解释水平和表示因果关系的因素的相互影响。

? 这种研究方法不能充分解释人的心理和肢体

是如何相互作用的,并且意识和动机很难被客观的研究。

? 过分简单化,生理心理学的研究方法往往将

非常复杂的生理系统和环境因素的相互影响过分简单化了。

标签:心理学 翻译 心理学英语翻译 心理学专业翻译