篇一：华科高等教育考博真题
篇二：华中科技大学2014年考博英语 真题 答案
考试时间 2014年3月22日星期六 下午2:00-5:00 原创作者qq 347952582
Since Would War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology “gadgeteering,” and a breakdown in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years proposed panaceas and new
programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased pessimism—“everything has been tried and nothing works”—which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.
It is true that the automatic “pass through” of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of “the richest nation in the world,” produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing” without undue concern for the “Medical Commons.” The practice of full-cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one-fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs.
Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and frustration. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost uestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.
1. The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines
47-48) differed from other plans by
(A) encouraging capital investment
(B) requiring physicians to treat the poor
(C) providing incentives for cost control
(D) employing only dedicated and idealistic doctors
(E) relying primarily on public funding
2. The author mentions all of the following as consequences of full-cost
reimbursement EXCEPT
(A) rising operating costs
(B) underused hospital facilities
(C) overcapitalization
(D) overreliance on expensive equipment
(E) lack of services for minorities
3. The tone of the passage can best be described as
(A) light-hearted and amused
(B) objective but concerned
(C) detached and unconcerned
(D) cautious but sincere
(E) enthusiastic and enlightened
4. According to the author, the “pessimism” mentioned at line 35 is partly
attributable to the fact that
(A) there has been little real improvement in health-care services
(B) expectations about health-care services are sometimes uealistic
(C) large segments of the population find it impossible to get access to
health-care services
(D) advances in technology have made health care service unaffordable
(E) doctors are now less concerned with patient care
5. The author cites the prepaid plans in lines 46-48 as
(A) counterexamples to the claim that nothing has worked
(B) examples of health-care plans that were over-funded
(C) evidence that health-care services are fragmented
(D) proof of the theory that no plan has been successful
(E) experiments that yielded disappointing results
6. It can be inferred that the sentence “Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back
together again” means that
(A) the cost of health-care services will not decline
(B) some people should not become doctors
(C) medical care is not really essential to good health
(D) illness is often unpleasant and even painful
(E) medical science cannot cure every ill
7. With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery of
health-care services would the author most likely agree?
(A) It is biased in favor of doctors and against patients.
(B) It is highly fragmented and completely ineffective
(C) It has not embraced new technology rapidly enough
(D) It is generally effective but can be improved
(E) It discourages people from seeking medical care
8. Which of the following best describes the logical structure of the selection?
(A) The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and second
paragraphs.
(B) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points
made in the first paragraph.
(C) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points
made in the first paragraph.
(D) The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphs
present two horns of a dilemma.
(E) The first paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third a
possible solution.
9. The author’s primary concern is to
(A) criticize physicians and health-care administrators for investing in techno-
logically advanced equipment
(B) examine some problems affecting delivery of health-care services and assess
their severity
(C) defend the medical community from charges that health-care has not
improved since World War II
(D) analyze the reasons for the health-care industry’s inability to provide quality
care to all segments of the population
(E) describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that are the
causes of spiraling medical costs
Behavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heat
production and loss. Thermoregulatory behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermic: it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of
thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system, and the ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.
Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skin’s surface, but the energy of a microwave field may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resulting temperature profile may well be a kind of reverse thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it
“appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin. In theory, the in(本文来自：www.dXF5.com 东 星资 源 网:华科考博准考证)ternal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed.
Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm2 were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm2 might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cm2 were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature. Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm2 can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromised. Yet
surprisingly, not long ago, an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.
1. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) showing that behavior is a more effective way of controlling bodily
temperature than innate mechanisms
(B) criticizing researchers who will not discard their theories about the effects of
microwave radiation on organisms
(C) demonstrating that effects of microwave radiation are different from those of
other forms of radiation
(D) analyzing the mechanism by which an organism maintains its bodily
temperature in a changing thermal environment
(E) discussing the importance of thermoreceptors in the control of the internal
temperature of an organism
2. The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms for
heat production?
I. They are governed by thermoreceptors inside the body of the organism
rather than at the surface.
II. They are a less effective means of compensating for gross changes in
temperature than behavioral strategies.
III. They are not affected by microwave radiation.
(A) I only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
3. Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to take up
in the paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection?
(A) A suggestion for new research to be done on the effects of microwaves on
animals and human beings
(B) An analysis of the differences between microwave radiation
(C) A proposal that the use of microwave radiation be prohibited because it is
dangerous
(D) A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on human
beings
(E) A discussion of the strategies used by various species to control hyperthermia
4. The author’s strategy in lines 39-42 is to
(A) introduce a hypothetical example to dramatize a point
(B) propose an experiment to test a scientific hypothesis
(C) cite a case study to illustrate a general contention
(D) produce a counterexample to disprove an opponent’s theory
(E) speculate about the probable consequences of a scientific phenomenon
5. The author implies that the proponents of the theory that microwave radiation
acts on organisms in the same way as other forms of radiation based their conclusions primarily on
(A) laboratory research
(B) unfounded assumption
(C) control group surveys
(D) deductive reasoning
(E) causal investigation
6. The tone of the passage can best be described as
(A) genial and conversational
篇三：2016华中科技大学考博阅读真题答案1
Early models of the geography of the metropolis were unicellular: that is, they assumed that the entire urban district would normally be dominated by a single central district, around which the various economic functions of the community would be focused. This central
business district (CBD) is the source of so-called high-order goods and services, which can most efficiently be provided from a central location rather than from numerous widely dispersed locations. Thus, retailers of infrequently and irregularly purchased goods, such as fur coats, jewelry, and antique furniture, and specialized service outlets, such as theaters, advertising agencies, law firms, and government agencies, will generally be found in the CBD. By contrast, less costly, more frequently demanded goods, such as groceries and housewares, and
low-order services, such as shoe repair and hairdressing, will be available at many small, widely scattered outlets throughout the metropolis.
Both the concentric-ring model of the metropolis, first developed in Chicago in the late nineteenth century, and the sector model, closely associated with the work of Homer Hoyt in the 1930s, make the CBD the focal point of the metropolis. The concentric-ring model assumes that the varying degrees of need for accessibility to the CBD of various kinds of economic
entities will be the main determinant of their location. Thus, wholesale and manufacturing firms, which need easy accessibility to the specialized legal, financial, and governmental services provided in the CBD, will normally be located just outside the CBD itself. Residential areas will occupy the outer rings of the model, with low-income groups residing in the relatively crowded older housing close to the business zone and high-income groups occupying the outermost ring, in the more spacious, newer residential areas built up through urban expansion.
Homer Hoyt’s sector model is a modified version of the concentric-ring model. Recognizing the influence of early established patterns of geographic distribution on the later growth of the city, Hoyt developed the concept of directional inertia. According to Hoyt, custom and social pressures tend to perpetuate locational patterns within the city. Thus, if a particular part of the city (say, the east side) becomes a common residential area for higher-income families, perhaps because of a particular topographical advantage such as a lake or other desirable feature, future expansion of the high-income segment of the population is likely to proceed in the same direction. In our example, as the metropolis expands, a wedge-shaped sector would develop on the east side of the city in which the higher-income residence would be clustered. Lower-income residences, along with manufacturing facilities, would be confined, therefore, to the western margins of the CBD.
Although Hoyt’s model undoubtedly represented an advance in sophistication over the simpler concentric-ring model, neither model fully accounts for the increasing importance of focal points other than the traditional CBD. Recent years have witnessed he establishment around older cities of secondary nuclei centered on suburban business districts. In other cases, particular kinds of goods, services, and manufacturing facilities have clustered in specialized centers away from the CBD, encouraging the development of particular housing patterns in the adjacent areas. A new multicellular model of metropolitan geography is needed to express these and other emerging trends of urban growth.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain the significance of Hoyt’s concept of directional inertia and its effect
on patterns of urban growth
(B) emphasize the inadequacy of past attempts to explain patterns of urban
geography
(C) analyze two varying theories concerning the distribution of residential areas
within and around the metropolis
(D) describe two models of metropolitan geography and suggest their limitations (E) show the importance of the central business district as a focus for urban
growth
2. It can be inferred from the passage that according to a unicellular urban model,
law firms are commonly located near the center of a city mainly because
(A) law firms benefit from the proximity to financial and governmental services
that a center city location provides
(B) the demand for legal services is too irregular to support many small law firms
in the outer districts of the city
(C) law firms require accessibility to the wholesale and retail businesses that
provide a major share of their clientele
(D) the high-income groups that make up the primary users of legal services
demand easy access to the firms’ offices
(E) the specialized service personnel required by a law firm are often interested in
residing as close as possible to the city center
3. According to the concentric-ring model, in which of the following orders (from
the center of the city outward) would the areas of the typical city be arranged?
(A) central business district, low-income housing, wholesale and manufacturing
businesses, high-income housing
(B) central business district, wholesale and manufacturing businesses,
low-income housing, high-income housing
(C) wholesale and manufacturing businesses, central business district,
low-income housing, high-income housing
(D) central business district, high-income housing, wholesale and manufacturing
businesses, low-income housing
(E) wholesale and manufacturing businesses, low-income housing, central
business district, high-income housing
4. According to the passage, the sector model differs from the concentric-ring model
primarily in that it
(A) stresses the role of topographic features in determining patterns of urban
development
(B) emphasizes the continuing expansion of the city as an influence on urban
development
(C) recognizes the importance of focal points of urban growth other than the
traditional central business district
(D) assumes that the need for access to the central business district is the main
determinant of urban developmental patterns
(E) takes into account the influence of certain social factors on urban
geographical patterns
5. The passage states that both the concentric-ring model and the sector model
(A) inadequately represent the forms of urban development emerging in today’s
cities
(B) need to be considerably refined to be of real use to students of urban growth
(C) have been superseded by more recently developed models of urban growth
(D) represent older cities more accurately than they do newly founded
metropolitan areas
(E) fail to explain the rapid outward growth of cities that has occurred in recent
years
6. According to the passage, an updated model of urban geography would indicate
the
(A) phenomenal growth in population and area of suburban residential districts
beyond the limits of the city itself
(B) recent decline in the influence of business and industry over the geographical
patterns of urban growth
(C) growing importance of urban business and service centers located away from
the central business district
(D) clustering of business facilities in recently built areas, while older districts are
turned into residential areas
(E) gradual displacement of older urban centers by new, more highly specialized
cities in geographically dispersed locations
7. All of the following are examples of the emerging trends of urban growth
described in the last paragraph of the passage EXCEPT
(A) the construction in a suburban community of a large shopping mall where
many of the local residents do most of their buying
(B) the opening of an industrial park on the outskirts of a declining older city
(C) the construction of hospital-medical school complex near a highway fifteen
miles from a downtown business district
(D) the building of a residential development near a suburban tool factory to
house the factory workers and their families
(E) the creation of a luxury housing development in a rural setting thirty miles
from the center of a city
8. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of
the passage?
(A) It summarizes the information presented in the first three paragraphs and
draws some conclusions.
(B) It outlines a new model, applies it to recent phenomena, and argues in favor
of its adoption.
(C) It introduces no evidence in support of an existing model.
(D) It evaluates two models in the light of recent evidence and advocates the
development of a third model.
(E) It compares one model unfavorably with another and develops the
comparison by citing examples.