篇一：英语写作的几种修辞手法
英语写作的几种修辞手法
许多考生反映自己的英语写作要么十分“中文式”，全无英语的味道，要么就是作文干巴巴的显得没有一点文采。其实英文写作和汉语写作在修辞方面还是存在许多共同之处的。要使自己的英语作文显得有文采，考生就要在英语写作中尝试采用有效的修辞手法，下面就介绍几种修辞方法：
一、比喻(the figures of speech)
比喻是语言艺术的升华。
英语中常见的比喻方法有三种：明喻、隐喻和借喻。
1.明喻(the simile)
格式：本体 + 显著比喻词(like/as/as if) + 喻体
常用介词like 、连词as，as if，asso、动词seem等以及句型Ato B asCtoD等等表示“好像”意思的比喻说法就叫明喻。例如：
(1) Teacher, you are like the sun, but more magnificent, andmorebrillant. 老师，您像太阳，又比太阳更灿烂更辉煌。
(2) Your soul is as pure as snow, your personality is as nobleaspine trees! All praise to you, our belovedteacher. 您的心灵像雪一样纯净，您的人格像青松一般高洁！赞美您，敬爱的老师。
英语中除上述的用介词、连词或句型等的明喻表达方式外，还有许多常用的明喻习语。例如：
(1)as clear as crystal 清如水晶
(2)as weak as water 软弱无力
这类利用类似汉语的押韵和叠声增加语言的美感。与此同时，又可以使语言短小精悍，表达生动、形象。
2.隐喻(the metaphor)
格式：本体 + is/are + 喻体
例如：
(1) Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh myfriend,what I scoop up from the river is all yearning ofyou. 时间是河、记忆如水，朋友，我从河里捧起来的都是对你的思念。
(2) Time is money. 时间就是金钱。
注意：英语中存在着许多数词习语和俚语，用作隐喻（也有个别用作明喻）。例如 ：
(1) You are one in a million. 你真是人见人爱。
(2) He has one over the eight. 他酩酊大醉。
(3) This film star is a nine days wonder; I doubt whether anyone will remember in a years’ time. 这位电影明星现在红极一时（也指昙花一现），但我认为一年以后人们不见得还记得她。注意：英语中还有许多隐喻成语。例如：
(1) to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧
(2) to plough the sand 白费力气
(3) up the tree骑虎难下；lame duck强弩之末；above board光明正大
3.借喻(the metonymy)
格式：直接用比喻事物代替本体事物
例如：
(1)The buses in America are on strikenow. 美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses喻指司机drivers)。
(2)The pen is mightier thanthesword. 文人胜于武士（以pen，sword喻指使用这物的人）。
英语中一些鸟兽鱼虫的名字，除本义外，常可转借喻人，形象生动，意味隽永。例如：
(1)She is a social butterfly. 她是一个交际花（以虫喻人）。
二、借代(the synecdoche)
借用一个名称来代替另一事物。替代的方式可以是人、物互代，部分和全体互代，单数代复数，描象代替具体或具体代替抽象等等。例如：
(1)Uncle Sam will not help us. 美国人不会帮助我们。（用Uncle Sam代替船美国人本身）
(2)You can depend on him for help whenever you’re in tourble. Hesa true blue. 你遇到麻烦时尽管去找他帮忙，他是一个靠得住的忠实朋友。（用trueblue代替真金烈火，忠诚可靠的）使用借代修辞方式要选用最突出最明显的事物特征来代替事物名称。借代运用得好，能使语言表达简洁明快、具体、形象，以避免重复、累赘，并给人以新鲜感。
三、夸张(the exaggeration)
把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张。
例如：
(1)Thank you a thousand. 千恩万谢。
英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发 。
四、拟人(the personifjcation)
就是把无生命的事物人格化。
例如：
(1)Books are a guide in youth and an entertainment for age. Theysupport us under solitude, and keep us from being a burdentoourselves. 书籍是青年人的指南、老年人的娱乐。孤寂时，书籍给我们力量，使我们摆脱精神负担。
（2）Love is the master key that opens the gatesofhappiness. 爱是开启幸福之门的万能钥匙。
拟人用法在英语写作中运用得好，不仅使语言表达得生动、有力，而且给人以亲切、实在、耳目一新的感受。
五、排比
把结构相同或相似、语气一致、意思密切相关联的句子或句子成分排列起来，使句式得到增强，感情得到加深，这种修辞叫排比。
例如：
(1) You are overwhelming jade, as white as snow, as smoothandmoist as grease, as brilliant as candles, and as firmasrock. 你洁白如雪，润泽如脂，你光辉如烛，坚贞如磐，你是令人倾心的美玉。
(2) You are in my mind and in my heart. You are in the very airIbreathe. You are part ofme. Forever. 你占据了我整个思绪和心灵；你在我呼吸的空气里；你永远是我的一部分。
此外，在英语的具体写作过程当中，我们可以运用恰当的抒情手法来进行写作，达到以情动人的效果。下面就以2005年6月份四级考试作文为例，进行写作。
提纲要求：
In honor of teachers on the occasion of Teacher’s Day
向老师致以节日祝贺
从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献
我如何回报老师的关爱
范文：Dear Miss Zhang,I’m not the best student of yours, butyou’rethe most respected teacher of mine. On this special occasionforyou, what I can dedicate is my highest consideration
andearnestblessings. May you be happy; may all of your life be fullofhappiness, joy as well as sweetness.I still remred clearly thattheday I was crying with a heavy heart because I failed to passtheexamination. I didn’t know what to do and where to go, just likeabird lost its way. Teacher, it was you who lighted the beaconofhope in my heart in the dark night. Your warm words,affectionateeyes, which dispelled the cold winter from my heart andkindled theflame of hope as well. And I still remred that theplatform, thedesks, the springs and autumns, all witness the flowerpetals ofyour heart. The buds, the seedlings, the spring flowersand fallfruits, all owe to your sincere devotion.In my view, all Iwant todo is to make the best of every day, and come a littlecloser towhat I dream of. Furthermore, I must not relax my effortsto be thebest I can be and do the best I can do.Bestwishes,Andy.（编辑：赵露）
篇二：最全英语地址写法
例子
Rm.203, Unit2, No.10, Shangdong Rd.
如果你还需要其他的请参见以下：
***室 / 房：RM. ***
***村（乡）：*** Village
***号：No. ***
***号宿舍：*** Dormitory
***楼 / 层：*** /F
***住宅区 / 小区：*** Residential Quater
甲 / 乙 / 丙 / 丁：A / B / C / D
***巷 / 弄：*** Lane
***单元：Unit ***
***号楼 / 幢：*** Buld
***公司:*** Com. / *** Crop
***厂:*** Factory
***酒楼/酒店:*** Hotel
***路:*** Road
***花园:*** Garden
***街:*** Street
***县:*** County
***镇:*** Town
***市：*** / *** City
***区：*** District
*** 信箱：Mailbox ***
***省：*** Prov.
英文地址一般的写法与我们描述的相反，由小写到大，以下为示范：
宝山区示范新村37号403室
Room 403,No.37,ShiFan Residential Quarter,BaoShan District
虹口区西康南路125弄34号201室
Room 201,No.34,Lane 125,XiKang Road(South),HongKou District
河南省南阳市中州路42号
Room 42， Zhongzhou Road，Nanyang City， Henan Prov.
湖北省荆州市红苑大酒店
Hongyuan Hotel, Jingzhou city, Hubei Prov.
河南南阳市八一路272号特钢公司
Special Steel Corp，No.272， Bayi Road，Nanyang City， Henan Prov.
中山市东区亨达花园7栋702
Room 702, 7th Building, Hengda Garden, East District, Zhongshan
福建省厦门市莲花五村龙昌里34号601室
Room 601, No.34 Long Chang Li, Xiamen, Fujian
厦门公交总公司承诺办
Cheng Nuo Ban, Gong Jiao Zong Gong Si, Xiamen, Fujian
山东省青岛市开平路53号国棉四厂二宿舍1号楼2单元204户甲
NO. 204,Entrance A, Building NO. 1, The 2nd Dormitory of the NO. 4
State-owned Textile Factory, 53 Kaiping Road, Qingdao, Shandong
填写信息时用英文或拼音，你可以直接把要填写的姓名、地址、各种信息用拼音拼写出来再填写，正反顺序都可以，地址是给本地邮递员看的，让他看懂就可以收到支票或白金公司发过来的东西。
下面是填写的范例，希望对你有帮助：
有些用汉语可用拼音写，正反顺序都成。
省略省市，因为省市另有地方写。
地址填写范例
201室--room 201
12号--No.12
2单元--unit 2
3号楼--building No.3
长安街--chang an street
南京路--nan jing road
长安公司--chang an gong si
宝山区--BaoShan District
**酒店--** hotel
**花园--** garden
**大厦--** edifice
县：county
镇：town
市：city
省：province
宝山区示范新村37号403室
Room 403,No.37,SiFan Residential Quarter,BaoShan District
虹口区西康南路125弄34号201室
Room 201,No.34,Lane 125,XiKang Road(South),HongKou District
473004河南省南阳市中州路42号 周旺财
Zhou Wangcai
Room 42，
Zhongzhou Road，Nanyang City，
Henan Prov.China 473004
434000湖北省荆州市红苑大酒店 周旺财
Zhou Wangcai
Hongyuan Hotel,
Jingzhou city,
Hubei Prov. China 434000
473000河南南阳市八一路
272号特钢公司 周旺财
Zhou Wangcai
Special Steel Corp，No.272，
BayiRoad，Nanyang City，
Henan Prov. China 473000
528400广东中山市东区亨达花园7栋702 周旺财
Zhou Wangcai
Room 702, 7th Building,
Hengda Garden, East District,
Zhongshan, China 528400
361012福建省厦门市莲花五村龙昌里34号601室 周旺财
Zhou Wangcai
Room 601, No.34 Long Chang Li,
Xiamen, Fujian, China 361012
361004厦门公交总公司承诺办 周旺财
Mr. Zhou Wangcai
Cheng Nuo Ban, Gong Jiao Zong Gong Si
Xiamen, Fujian, China 361004
266042山东省青岛市开平路53号国棉四厂二宿舍1号楼2单元204户甲 周旺财
Mr. Zhou Wangcai
NO. 204, A, Building NO. 1,
The 2nd Dormitory of the NO. 4 State-owned Textile Factory,
53 Kaiping Road, Qingdao,
Shandong, China 266042
白金行动申请表中一些英文单词的具体说明(中英文对照)
Select a user name: (自己选择2-20个之间无空格的字符) @goingplatinum.com 这将是你新的Platinum的Email地址。
Salutation: 称呼，Mr.是先生
First Name: 你的名，用拼音
Last Name: 你的姓，用拼音
Email Address: 你的Email地址，不同于XXX@goingplatinum.com 例bubba@aol. com Verify Email Address: 重填Email 你的Email地址
It is important that your email address is correct. We will send a temporary password to the email address that you enter and verify above. You will need this password to login to the Going Platinum Member"s Area and activate your account.
请注意: 这个Email地址很重要，他将接受GoingPlatinum给你的登录口令，你要用这个口令激活你的帐号。
Tell us where to send your checks告诉我们你的地址以便我们寄支票给你
Street Address: 你的街地址，用英文 (或拼音)
Address 2 : 你的街地址(2)。 可选项（可不填）
City: 城市
State: 选N/A
Province: 你的省份 optional可选项
Zip/Postal Code: 邮编
Country: 国家。选china
Telephone Number: #000000>电话， optional 可选项
In the event you forget your password: 用于忘记口令时取回口令
City of Birth: 出生地
Birthdate: 生日 月日年
Password Question: 提出一个问题，用于忘记口令时取回口令，很重要。
Password Answer: 回答上面的问题
一、寄达城市名的批译
我国城市有用英文等书写的，也有用汉语拼音书写的。例如“北京”英文写为“Peking”，汉语拼音写为“Beijing”二者虽然都是用拉丁字母，但拼读方法不同，前者是以音标相拼，而后者则是用声母和韵母相拼的，批译时要注意识别，以免错译。
二、街道地址及单位名称的批译
常见有英文书写、汉语拼音书写、英文和汉语拼音混合书写三种。1、英文书写的，例如
Address：6 East Changan Avenue PeKing译为北京市东长安街6号；2、汉语拼音书写的，例如：105 niujie Beijing译为北京市牛街105号；3、英文、汉语拼音混合书写的，例如：NO.70 dong feng dong Rd.Guangzhou译为广州东风东路70号。
三、机关、企业等单位的批译
收件人为机关、企业等单位的，应先译收件人地址，再译单位名称。批译方法为：
1、按中文语序书写的要顺译。例如：SHANGHAI FOODSTUFFS IMP AND EXP CO.译为上海食品进出口公司；
2、以英文介词短语充当定语，一般位于被修饰的名词之后，译在该名词之前。例如：Civil Aviation Administration Of China译为中国民航局；
3、机关、企业单位的分支机构一般用英文“branch”(分部、分公司等)表示。例如：Beijing Electron Co.
Ltd Xian branch译为北京电子有限公司西安分公司。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 姓名方面
外国人习惯是名（Firstname）在前，姓(Lastname)在后。若碰到让您一起填的，最好要注意一
下顺序，不过你要是填反了，也没关系。中国银行收支票时是都承认的。例如：刘刚，可写成GangLiu，也可
写成LiuGang。
地址翻译
翻译原则：先小后大。中国人喜欢先说大的后说小的，如**区**路**号。而外国人喜欢先说小的后说大的，如
**号**路**区，因此您在翻译时就应该先写小的后写大的。
例如：
篇三：英语写作方法
四级作文
一．从句到段：段落的展开
基本句法掌握之后，接下来就要训练段落写作，这是因为段落是文章的基本组成部分，要写出好文章，必须在段落写作上多下功夫。段的基本组成是句子，好的段落应该是该段中所有的句子都围绕着一个主题展开，且句与句之间应该是紧密相连，形成统一的整体即unified and coherent。那么怎样将一个段落展开呢？下面介绍英语中几种常用的方法。
（一）时间顺序
按时间顺序写作就是按照事物发展在时间上的正常顺序或先后顺序展开段落。在讲述故事或回忆事件时，先发生的先写，后发生的后写。
【Example】My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination—Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn skies of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more the thirty hours and spent an sleepless night, I didn’t feel tired at all, and I believed my days in this glorious city would be as sunny as the skies.
（二）空间顺序
按空间顺序组织材料通常用于描述一个地方、事情或人物外貌等。其文章内容应按照由近及远、由远及近、自下而上、自上而下、按顺时针方向或逆时针方向排列。
【Example】In the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees, all in full bloom. A little girl was hoping among them, now gazing at a bud, now collecting fallen petals. Under one of the trees stood her parents, who, while keeping an eye on her, were examining the snow white blossoms with great interest and admiration. In front of another tree a young couple, fresh and bright as the flowers, were posing for a picture. At the end of the courtyard a group of youngsters had gathered behind an artist painting a flourishing limb, which looked so charming and real that a boy stooped to sniff at a half-open flower. At the opposite end a few elderly men and women stood admiring the leafless flowering trees and the people looking at them.
（三）列举法
通过列举一系列的论据 对主题句中的论点进行广泛、全面的陈述或解释，列举的顺 序可按照所列各点的内容的相对重要性、时间、空间来排列。
【Example】
The Other Side of City Life
In the eyes of many people, city life is attractive with all its advantages and convenience, yet they don’t see the other side of the picture. First, with the expansion of the city, housing has become a serious problem for city people. Then, there is the problem of pollution: harmful gases from vehicles and poisonous water from factories pollute our surroundings; noise continually disturbs your peace and rest and drives you mad. Thirdly, modern city life puts a high pressure upon people; you have to hurry to and from work; you have to dodge in so as to avoid bumping into the flood of people, bicycles, cars, buses?; all day long you are under great stress. Fourthly, big cities also cause some social problems. Of which high crime rate is the most serious one. People are justifiably in fear of becoming victims of burglary, robbery, murder and other crimes at any time. They should find some ways to cope with all these problems.
（四）举例法
在主题句中简要、概括地说明一个段落的主题思想之后，可以用具体的、生动的事例来支撑论证主题，向目标读者展示并使他们具体感受主题句中尚未展开的内容和细节。
【Example】This term several useful and interesting courses have been offered. An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of European philosophy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the United States not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but also to broaden our vision.
（五）比较和对比
比较（comparison）主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似之处，如人物、地点、事物、思想、观点等。对照（contrast）主要是指出它们的不同点。相同的或类似的特征可以组成比较，不同的特征则可以组成对照。不仅如此，比较和对比常常同时使用，这是因为比较中往往隐含着对比。比较和对比常有两种形式，即整体比较和对比（block comparison and contrast）与逐项比较（alternating comparison）。
【Example】Although Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were fierce adversaries during the Civil War, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, has a great deal in common. Grant descended from a family whose members participated in the American Revolution. He received his c(转载自：www.dXf5.cOm 东星资源网:写作手法英文)ommission of second lieutenant from West Point and served in the Spanish-American War. He was later summoned by President Lincoln to assume command of the Union Forces during the Civil War. After the Civil War, Grant suffered financial problems and was forced to declare bankruptcy. Lee also descended from a family which engaged in the American Revolution. He, too, received his commission from West Point and later fought in Mexico during the Spanish-American War. His fame as a military strategist during the Civil War, when he was the commander of the Confederate armies, is well known. Although it is not always pointed out by historians he, like Grant, had financial difficulties after the civil War and was compelled to declare bankruptcy. By securing a post as president of Washington College, he was able to avoid additional poverty.（整体比较） The same qualities that make people good house guests make them good hospital patients. Good house guests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a complaining, unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. House guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.（逐项比较）
（六）原因和结果
因果分析是常用的拓展段落的方法之一，一定要注意推理的逻辑性因果关系必须表达清楚，不能因果混淆，更不能因果倒置，要避免牵强附会和循环论证。一个原因可能造成一个或多个结果，也可能在一大段文章中涉及到一连串因果关系。一个结果也可能由多种原因所引起，通常先写结果，后写多种原因；但也可先写原因后写结果。另外，如果只强调原因或结果，可用倒装或强调句型加以突出。
【Example】The surge of demand for oil will soon begin to send shock waves through the
American economy and transportation system. The impact of these tremors can already be anticipated: to the consumer they signal the end of a long love affair with the car, and to Detroit they offer an early warning that its 1985 growth aims are dangerously uealistic. Unless we exercise foresight and devise growth-limits policies for the auto industry, events will thrust us into a crisis that will lead to a substantial erosion of domestic oil supply as well as the independence it provides us with, and a level of petroleum imports that could cost as much as $20 to $30 billion per year. Moreover, we would still be depleting our remaining oil reserves at an unacceptable rate, and scrambling for petroleum substitutes, with enormous potential damage to the environment.
（七）定义法
有时候为了避免混淆或误解，我们必须对一个词、一条术语或谚语、一个概念通过下定义加以说明、解释。通常有三种方法下定定义：给出同义词、用一个带有定语从句的复合句或用一整段文章，而以第三种方法最为常用。1997 年1 月份四级考试的作文Practice Makes Perfect就是一篇极为典型的定义型文章。
【Example】A “liberated woman” is simply a woman who controls her own life, rather than allowing it to be controlled by other people, traditions, or expectations. A “liberated woman” can be found pursuing any line of work, including housework, or no work at all. She may or may not be married; she may or may not have borne children. She may belong to any race; she may have attained any age. She need have only one trait in common with her “liberated sisters”: she makes her own choices, whether they be the colors on her walls or the advanced degrees she seeks. She acts of her own volition, responsible to herself, and not out of fear of what her mother, lover, or neighbor might say.
（八）分类法
所谓“分类”就是根据人物和事物的特征将他们/它们分别归入各自不同的范畴。在写这一类段落时，一定要抓住各个类别的典型特征，不要异类相串，混淆起来。
【Example】According to Xiao Li, the fifteen students of his class fall into three groups. Seven of them work hard and study well. They always get good marks in examinations and are often praised by the teachers. Li calls them “good students”. The monitor, the secretary of the Youth League branch, and the captain of the class volleyball team, are quick in finding out what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective. They always organize proper activities at the proper time, so Li calls them “good organizers”. Four other students are very kind to their classmates, always ready to lend them a helping hand. They help to clean the classroom and the corridor even when they are not on duty. Li says that they are “good fellows”. “What about yourself?” someone asks him. “I’m a group by myself—a good observer.”
二、从段到篇：四种体裁
掌握了前面八种段落展开的“天龙八部”，在面对任何级别的英语考试的作文时，相信大家都可以从容落笔，应付如裕。不过，大家仍然要谋篇布局，从篇章的角度对自己要写的内容作宏观的整体上的把握，这就要求大家区分各种体裁，以采用不同的方法去应对。 英语文章的体裁可分为四类，即：
1、记叙文（narration）
2、描述文（description）
3、说明文（exposition）
4、议论文（argumentation）
写作要领
记叙文：所谓narration 就是叙述一件事或一连串事件，像四级曾经考过的A Morning Walk（晨间漫步）即是一例。在写这类作文时，要注意以下几点：首先，在一开始就要设定时间、地点、人物，一定要交代清楚；其次，在讲述发生的事件本身时，要选取一些关键的细节，不要漫无边际或不着边际，而组织那些素材一般采用“时间顺序”亦即先发生的先写，后发生的后写，或用倒叙法，先讲结局，再从头描述经过。另外，要注意人称、时代的一致性。
描述型文章：所谓description就是用文字对一个人、一个地方、一件物体或一个场景进行描绘。在描述自己的印象时，一定要尽量选取那些有助于表现人物、场景的典型特征和突出特点，剔除那些枝蔓的零碎的细节。只有这样，才能使所描述的内容呼之欲出、跃然纸上，具有极大的表现力
说明文：这是四级考试中出现最为频繁的体裁，无论是A or B、A and B，还是 Why to do、How to do, 或是图表型作文，都可归入此类。如果说描述文主要涉及外表和感受，记叙文主要涉及事件和经历，那么说明文则主要是关于过程和关系。举例来说吧，我们面前有一件物体，如果要对其外观进行描写，我们就要写成描述型的作文，如果要解释它是如何制作的，又是如何使用的，那就必须写成说明文；我们可以讲述一个历史事件，到底发生了什么，何时何地发生，都有谁参与其中，那就是叙述，而要讨论该事件的前因后果，它的本质又是什么，以及在历史长河中的深远意义，那就必须写成说明文。前面所介绍的展开段落的方法，如分类法、定义法、比较和对比、举例法等等，大多数都可用于说明文的写作。
议论文：说明文是一种以阐释和解说为表达方式，用简洁、平实、通俗的语言，对事物的、事理的、人物的特性、情况、背景等所作的解释和介绍的文体，而议论文则是以议论为主要表达方式，以逻辑思维为主要思维方式，对现实生活中的现象和原理说长道短、论是斥非、阐明自己的立场和观点的一种文体，二者不可相混淆。说明是让人明白，而议论则要令人信服。论点要旗帜鲜明，论据要充分有力，论证要符合逻辑。就四级考试而言，真正意义上的议论文并不多见需要强调的是，在四级考试中，往往是在同一篇文章中几种体裁兼而有之，大家不要拘泥于教条，如2003 年6 月的车祸见证书，记述、描写、说明三种体裁都有所照顾，目的是要检测同学们对于不同类型写作的把握，全面地考察写作教学的水平。
三、衔接和过渡
这是一个技术性的问题。有了好的思想，写出了没有语法错误的句子，是否意味着就是一篇好作文呢？恐怕未必。古人做文章讲究“起承转合”，英语作文也同样要注意句与句、段与段之间的过渡和粘连，只有那样才能使文章成为一个和谐的有机统一的整体。提高文章的连贯性，常用的方法有使用平行结构、重复单词或词组、用代词代替前文中的句子、保持名词/代词的数的一致和动词的时态的一致等等。注意下面这段文章中作者是如何综合运用这些手段的：
Americans are queer people: they can’t play. Americans rush to work as soon as they grow up. They want their work as soon as they wake. It is a stimulant—the only one they are not afraid of. They used to open their offices at ten o’clock; then at nine; then at eight; then at seven. Now they never shut them. Every business in America is turning into an open-all-day-and-night business. They eat all night, dance all night, make noise all night. They can’t play. They try to, but can’t. They turn football into a fight, baseball into a lawsuit, and yachting into machinery. They can’t play. The little children can’t play; they use mechanical toys instead—toy cranes, hoisting
toy loads, toy machinery spreading a toy industrial depression of infantile dullness. The grownup people can’t play; they use a mechanical gymnasium and a clockwork horse. They can’t laugh; they hire a comedian and watch him laugh.
另一种做法是使用表示各种关系的承接词，下面列出一些常用的连接词和短语供大家参考，希望大家在平时的练习中有效地运用。
（一）空间段落展开
Above before mebeforeon the left
across from below
adjacent tobeyond
furthernext toin the distanceon the rightnearby opposite to also on top of
up under down close to beneath
aroundnear to over
（二）时间段落展开
first, second, etc. soon eventually
in the meantime then until
at the same time next thereafter
after a while now after
presently laterafterwards
somewhat later finally at last
（三）分析段落展开
first, second, etc. now
for this purpose furthermore moreover likewise next on the contrary in summary on the other hand in conclusion thereforeequally important
besides
in addition to
just as?sobut as a result finally at last alsoconsequently another for exampleyet for instanceOnce in addition such in this case then otherwise thus to sum up （四）比较段落展开 Anotherfurthermore moreover too, alsothenaccordingly like, likewise
in much the same way
（五）对比段落展开
on the contrary
on the other handat the same timein fact Similarly different from / in contrast in spite of / despite
whereas
nevertheless
here?there
this?that
then?now
yet, but unlike not only?but also years ago?today the former?the latter