篇一：商务英语阅读课后习题答案(王艳)
Chapter 1 Government and Trade
Exercise 1
1) Trade will top the EU’s agenda at this summit.
2) Hillary Clinton has promised to review trade agreements every five years and amend them where necessary.
3) The agreement is about putting a textile-import monitoring system in place for 2008 to replace the annual cap imposed on imported Chinese textiles since 2005.
4) China Investment Corp (CIC) is a sovereign wealth fund.
5) They are not sure about how the fund will operate....
6) The European Council, the European Commission, the European Parliament
7) “institutional-complexity issue” refers to the following problems:
a. the member states do not always agree;
b. there is also policy disagreement among the EU’s various institutions;
c. even within one institution, its various departments may also find themselves in disputesEU’s self-imposed obstacles:
a. the institutional complexity
b. the absence of a central authority
c. fickle priorities
8) “fickle priorities” means one is changeable about what is the most important or what he or she should focus on.
9) “hackles” means anger. A meeting in September between Angela Merkel, chancellor of Germany, and Tibet’s exiled leader, the Dalai Lama, brought about anger in China.
Exercise 2
1) F, 2) T, 3) T, 4) F, 5) F, 6) F, 7) F, 8) F, 9) F, 10) F 11) T12) T Exercise 3
1) 双边关系；欧元区；主权财富基金；贸易协定；贸易法案；惹怒；经济关系；汇率；货
币政策；升温
2) current-account surplus; election campaign; member states; aside from; export subsidies; hang
over; consumer perception; on behalf of; intellectual property; foreign takeover
Exercise 4
1) Interest and attention on the new EU-Russia trade agreement gained momentum after EU
leaders’ travel to Russia in May in an attempt to resolve their differences across a range of issues.
2) He sat down and fired off a furious letter to the Indian government, describing a radical
change of the US policy towards textile imports.
3) The Republican leadership in the U.S. government will soon lift its cap on cigar imports from
Cuba, replaced by a monitoring system which will be put in place for 2008.
4) This renowned economist proposed that the Finnish government set up a sovereign wealth
fund, modeled on China Investment Corp (CIC).
5) Before the bilateral free-trade agreement these two countries reached in 2007, their strategic
sectors, such as cotton and woolen, electronics, mining, car producing, etc. had been off limits to foreign investors.
6) “Aside from the technical difficulties, there are heavy financial and political costs associated
with the measures necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases,” said an expert at
this year’s Sino-Korea summit.
7) As negotiations continued last night in Tokyo, Japanese government officials said they were
hopeful they could pull off a summit with China in Beijing but stressed nothing had been finalized.
8) In a previous career, I spent many years negotiating on behalf of the EU with the Russian and
Chinese governments on everything from Siberian overflight rights to the terms of China’s accession to the World Trade Organisation.
9) Mexico and the US squabbled over poultry imports, which may disrupt the lifting of the
agricultural tariffs under the North American Free Trade Agreement.
10) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Business Forum 2007 will take place shortly
before the WTO ministerial conference in Hong Kong next month.
Exercise 5
1)-5) Russian; bilateral; accession; little; supplies;
6)-10) issued; political; domestic; EU; sectors
Exercise 6
那么，这届中欧峰会成功吗？这当然取决于与会者如何定义成功，但根据最乐观的看法， 欧盟谈判代表可能只带着一点小成果回家。除了来自中国方面所预料之内的阻力，代表们还有来自欧盟自身的障碍需要克服。首先，欧盟体制的复杂性使该组织很难以一个声音说话。成员国之间并不总是意见一致。如何才能制定正确的货币政策，法国和德国一直争执不下。这种分歧影响了欧盟采用什么方式管理欧元兑人民币汇率。此外，欧盟各机构之间也有政策分歧，这包括欧洲理事会，欧盟委员会和欧洲议会。最近，就在欧盟委员会内部，各部门之间就发生了一场公开的争论，关于是否取消对从中国进口的节能灯泡征收反倾销税。
具体的表现有：在这次峰会上，欧洲方面将由欧洲理事会主席葡萄牙总理若泽·苏格拉底，欧盟委员会主席巴罗佐·若泽·曼努埃尔，和曼德尔森先生分别代表。更甚的是，欧元区代表将不为英国这种未加盟欧洲国家代言，而法国总统尼古拉·萨科奇则预计在此次峰会前不久做出自己的北京之行。
由于所有这些访客形形色色，如果中方揣测该与哪位谈判，这会是情有可原的。欧盟的确没有中央集权制，这也就意味着该机构缺乏能力，难以就议程包罗的不同问题加以权衡和取舍。如果设有一位至高无上的谈判代表，他就能正视议题，譬如在纺织品谈判中采取较温和的立场，以换取中国在货币政策或出口补贴方面更大胆的让步。但由于欧盟的各个机构分别负责不同议题，要与中方在诸如此类的问题上达成交易则会困难重重。
Chapter 2 Products and Pricing
Exercise 1
1. Wal-Mart began selling the product for a very low price and the super-cheap gallon jar cannibalized Vlasic’s other channels and shrank its margins by 25%. When Vlasic asked for pricing relief, Wal-Mart responded by refusing an immediate price increase and reviewing its commitments to the line. Vlasic had filed for bankruptcy.
2. The crucial disparity is in strategic perspective. Vlasic used a short-term sales strategy. Nike, on the other hand, positioned itself for the long term.
3. With scanner data, managers can see that price reductions coincide with sharp increases in sales to consumers.
4. Changes in consumer behavior; diluted brand equity; competitive response.
5. This difference can be ascribed, in part, to the fact that weekly data recognize increases in purchases but ignore subsequent competitive price reactions and changes in consumer behavior.
Nonetheless, the increased availability of short-term data dramatically affects perceptions of the value of promotions.
6. First, advertisers who test their ads in the market can isolate the campaigns that will increase revenues over the long term, since advertisements that are successful in the short run also have a positive long-term effect. Second, even campaigns that don’t do much to boost sales can increase margins by differentiating brands and thus allowing companies to raise prices.
7. Increases in the length and variety of a product line play a major role in boosting a brand’s baseline sales. Moreover, increased product-line variety and distribution in leading retailers reduce consumers’ sensitivity to price.
8. Quantity and price premiums reflect a brand’s long-term health. If both increase, demand and margins will be higher-along with brand equity and profits. If consumers pay less of a premium for the brand and baseline demand is decreasing, then the brand is headed in the wrong direction-and the firm has a problem.
9. Armed with long-term metrics, firms and analysts can assume a longer-term perspective on the brand, leading to improved profitability.
10. Short-term decreases reflect the time it takes for consumers to acclimate to the price changes and respond to the advertising. Without long-term brand-health measures, the analyst may have come to a misleading conclusion about the value of the brand.
Exercise 2
2) F, 2) F, 3) T, 4) F, 5) F, 6) T, 7) T, 8) T, 9) F, 10) T
Exercise 3
1）consumer-goods 消费者商品discount retailers 折扣零售商
brand equity 品牌资产价值 advertising budget 广告预算
real-time sales data 现时销售数据 sales promotion 促销
profit margin 赢利scanner data 扫描数据
2）溢价 price premium 基线销售 baseline sales
减价 price reductions广告支出 advertising spending
营销组合marketing mix 加量quantity premium
产品数量（种类） product quantity (variety)
美元分配allocation of dollars
Exercise 4
1) The government has allocated $ 0.1 billion to the development and utilization of renewable energy in rural areas.
2) We should not develop the Western region at the expense of environment. Therefore the government has been following a sustainable development road attaching equal importance to economic development and environmental protection.
3) As a big responsible nation, China will strictly abide by the WTO rules and honor its commitments.
4) The rapid growth in China’s grain production can be ascribed to the fact that the Chinese government has implemented a series of reform policy and measures in the rural areas, such as raising the prices of grain purchased by the state.
5) In the globalization era, not all countries play on the level playground. Some developing countries have to adhere to some marketing principles, or even accede to the requests of some governments.
6) Over the past year, the global investment demand was on the wane; the major world currencies suffered swift turbulence and some emerging markets underwent severe financial crisis.
7) Networks fundamentally alter the nature of competition and level the playing field, especially for smaller business regardless of the barriers like time and distance.
8) Through micro credit projects, with the credit available on demand, farmers are able to pay back both the principle and interest in time.
9) China’s vigorous economic development is indicative of the fact that China has become one of the countries that enjoy the highest economic growth speed in the world.
10) With the reform of the wholly state-owned commercial banks, when some qualified commercial banks seek listing in the stock market, others certainly will follow suit.
Exercise 5
(1)-(5) blame, damaged, short-term, building, profitability
(6)-(10) arm, boosts, orientation, Moreover, lowering
Exercise 6
当公司加大折扣时，其他公司也会这么做。结果导致个别的销售增加了，但整体销售却没有增长，进一步降低了公司的盈利。所有这些都会大大降低促销带来的好处。在欧洲的一项有关24个品牌的研究中，IRI采用2002至2005年的数据调查表明，折扣带来的影响只是其短期影响的80%。相比之下，广告的长期影响要比其短期影响高出60%。美国一个消费者包装商品的销售商对71个品牌做了调查，得到类似的结论：每周测量的价格敏感度要比按季度测量的敏感度高出7倍。这种差异可归因于购买，但忽视了以后的竞争价格的反应和消费者的行为。但是，短期数据的不断获得大大地影响了对促销的感应。随着促销手段的越加细化（得到每日或每小时的销售数据），这种短期的影响可能会进一步加强。
Chapter 3 Advertising and Publicity
Exercise 1
1) Efficiency in advertising depends on using simple language— simple direct presentation of sales arguments— and avoiding tricky,
2) It is believed that the flying red horse gave pleasure to the motorists who viewed it and suggested lightness, power, and speed, whereas the single word "Mobil" was drab and colorless.
3) The principle indicates that what is known inspires more confidence than something that is unknown, therefore a potential consumer, when confronted with two products, and having no knowledge of the physical characteristics of either of them, tends to choose the one whose brand name is more familiar to him/her.
4) The word "copy" in advertising refers to headlines, text, pictures, sound—everything intended to carry a message about the product, beyond its name, to the consumer.
5) Copy is intended to shape motives and desires, to build believability, and to provide a reason for selecting a particular brand over all others.
6) For one thing, it is difficult to separate the familiarity effect with the persuasion effect; for another, it’s difficult to get rid of the cumulative effect of advertising over a period of years for old products or to separate advertising's effect from the contributions of ingenuity in product design, packaging, or distribution for new products.
7) Because the responses these advertisers get are not from the real consumers, but from his colleagues, bosses, and especially their clients. In other words, they are not selling the product to the consumer, but selling the advertising to the clients.7
8) It is the function of perfect advertising to push the product so much into the foreground that the advertising itself, psychologically speaking, can be overlooked.
9) First, the best sales point will not be interesting enough for consumers because they are also the main function of the product (as in the case of the face soap). Second, it is hard to decide for a particular product an efficient sales point (as in the case of hair tonic or beer).
10) An ideal piece of advertising should make the product look different from all other products, without violating the truth.
Exercise 2
1)F, 2) T, 3) F, 4) T, 5) T, 6) F, 7) T, 8) T, 9) F, 10) F
Exercise 3
1）享有特权的少数人 加油站
市场调查专业技能
(产品的)卖点产品设计
潜在顾客商业灾难
2）daily life advertising case
specific characteristics visual imagination
national mediaa sale increase
distribution systemproduct-orientated advertising Exercise 4
1) Experts have attributed the main cause of the company’s poor performance to its poor HR functions, especially the appointment of the senior management.
2) British Airways intends to create a more flexible and modern corporate culture through the relocation.
3) Rumors about redundancy make the company at its worst in terms of morale ever since its foundation.
4) After financial scandals, many companies can only resort to charity activities to improve their corporate image.
5) Politicians should not engage in business affairs that might affect their political judgment.
6) As a sleeping partner of the enterprise, he is entitled to share the profits, but is deprived of participating in its management.
7) After watching this interview, she realizes how difficult it is to be a venture capitalist. For one thing, you need to have the money; for another, you need to have the insight to pick the right (promising) start-ups.
8) To enter a specific market, in addition to acquire sufficient knowledge about our target customers, we also need to know about the local policies and abide by them.
9) With the efforts of these university students, it was brought to light that this world-famous multinational had established some sweat factories in China.
10) In a time when customers change constantly and rapidly in their needs, only companies who are quick to respond can survive and succeed in the end.
Exercise 5
(1)-(5) sincere, privileged, led, constitutes, intellectual
(6)-(10) resort, instead, reduce, clients, divert
Exercise 6
如果一个平庸广告人的小把戏只能降低而不是提高广告的效率的话，那为什么我们在
篇二：0商务英语阅读练习(答案)
Business English Reading Comprehension
Passage One
The relationship between the home and market economies had gone through two distinct stages. Early industrialization began the process of transferring some production processes (e. g. cloth-making, sewing and canning foods) from the home to the marketplace. Although the home economy could still produce these goods, the processes were laborious and the market economy was usually more efficient. Soon the more important second stage was evident --the marketplace began producing goods and services that had never been produced by the home economy, and the home economy was unable to produce them (e. g. electricity and electrical appliances, the automobile, advanced education, sophisticated medical care). In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace. The traditional ways of taking care of these needs in the home such as in nursing the sick, became unacceptable (and, in most serious cases, probably less successful). Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market. Growth brought with it increased variety in consumer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods and services. Instead, economic growth brought with it increased consumer reliance on the marketplace. In order to consume these new goods and services, the family had to enter the marketplace as wage earners and consumers. The neoclassical (新古典主义的) model that views the family as deciding whether to produce goods and services directly or to purchase them in the marketplace is basically a model of the first stage. It cannot accurately be applied to the second (and current) stage.
1. The reason why many production processes were taken over by the marketplace was that
______.
A. it was a necessary step in the process of industrialization
B. they depended on electricity available only to the market economy C. it was troublesome to produce such goods in the home
D. the marketplace was more efficient with respect to these processes
2. It can be seen from the passage that in the second stage ______.
A. some traditional goods and services were not successful when provided by the home economy
B. the market economy provided new goods and services never produced by the home
economy
C. producing traditional foods at home became socially never produced by the home
economy
D. whether new goods and services were produced by the home economy became irrelevant
3. During the second stage, if the family wanted to consume new goods and services, they had to enter the marketplace ______.
A. as wage earners
B. both as manufacturers and consumers C. both as workers and purchasers
D. as customers
4. Economic growth did not make it more flexible for the home economy to obtain the new goods and services because ______.
A. the family was not efficient in production
B. it was illegal for the home economy to produce them
C. it could not supply them by itself
D. the market for these goods and services was limited
5. The neoclassical model is basically a model of the first stage, because at this stage ______.
A. The family could rely either on the home economy or the marketplace for the needed
goods and services.
B. many production processes were being transferred to the marketplace
C. consumers relied more and more on the market economy
D. the family could decide how to transfer production processes to the marketplace
Passage Two
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complicated. Generally speaking, the Account Department is responsible for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to adopt a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a method of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be successful, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers.
In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of those requirements is given a value, generally in ―points‖, which are added together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their ability to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without reference to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should compare the value of each job with those in the job market. It should also consider economic factors such as the cost of living and the labor supply.
It is necessary that payment for a job should vary with any distinctions in the way that job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the work done with the hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen; for indirect workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.
6. If a company wants its new pay structure to be successful, it is necessary to _______.
A. give the workers extra pay to encourage them
B. share the same opinion between the Trade Union and the employers
C. consult some problems associated with pay
D. adopt a special way to evaluate the performance of its employees
7. The methods of additional payments are adopted for indirect workers because __________.
A. they don't have a higher pay B. the firm hasn't enough fund
C. the measurement of their work is very difficult
D. their work is less important than that of other workers
8. What should a firm consider in designing a new pay system?
A. The value of each job alone.
B. The method of calculating the pay. C. The requirements of each job.
D. The labor supply and the cost of living.
9. It can be inferred from the passage that _______. A. only the Accounts Department is involved in the management of salaries
B. different job performances should be given different payments
C. an evaluation system based on points is usually used to measure management work
D. evaluating management work makes no difference from other work
10. The main purpose of this passage is to _______.
A. explain how the performance of a job can be measured in points
B. describe the responsibilities of various departments
C. tell readers how a firm can succeed in adopting a new pay system
D. tell readers how difficult the management work is
Passage Three
Selling skills can be very useful to you in your personal life. For example, have you ever wanted to use someone else's car? You had to use selling skills to persuade the owner to let you use it. When you apply for a job, you should really be trying to persuade the employer that you will be good employee. If you run for an elected office in an organization, you are really trying to sell yourself to others. You are trying to convince people that you have good ideas and will provide the type of leadership needed by that organization. Selling involves persuading others to accept your ideas or your advice.
Selling skills are also important in most jobs. Business managers want to hire people who are creative, who work well with others, and who contribute to the success of their business. In the world of business, selling is a very important function. Business owners use selling skills to gain acceptance from customers and employees about store policies and procedures. Successful salespeople use selling skills to assist customers in making wise buying decisions.
What Is Selling?
Selling involves the art of communicating effectively with people — simply explaining how a product or service will benefit the customer. Customers will not purchase a product or service until they are convinced that they will benefit from owning that product or service. The salesperson needs to explain, advise, and generally help the customer. In fact, his most important job is to assist the customer in making a wise buying decision. The word selling is defined as:
1. assisting the customer, and
2. helping the customer make a wise buying decision.
Assisting the Customer
Business in America today is very competitive. In our free enterprise system, there are many businesses that sell similar products and services. For example, you can purchase a pair of jeans from a department store, a women’s or men's apparel shop, a specialty store, or a discount store. Because customers can purchase the same product or service from more than one business, it is important that businesses provide polite, friendly service to customers. If customers do not receive polite and capable help from salespeople at a business, they may decide to purchase from another business. Salespeople make sure they provide the help customers expect.
Helping the Customer Make a Wise Buying Decision
The most important responsibility of any salesperson is to help customers make wise buying decisions. Customers have made wise buying decisions when they receive benefits from the products or services they have purchased. These benefits are called buyer benefits. A buyer benefit is the gain or personal benefit customers receive from the products or services they purchase. The salesperson's job is to make sure his customers purchase the products or services which will most benefit them.
The Importance of Selling
Selling is important to our economy, to business, and to the American people. In order to understand its importance, you need to be familiar with some basic facts about each segment of the American economy.
The economy of our country is divided into three phases: production, marketing, and consumption. Production refers to the physical creation of goods and services. Farming, mining, fishing, lumbering, and manufacturing make up the production phase of our economy. Thousands of goods and services are produced each year. These goods and services, howev(转自：wWw.DXf5.Com 东星 资源网:商务英语阅读答案)er, do not sell themselves. After goods and services have been produced, they must be made available to consumers for purchase. Marketing is the process through which goods and services flow from the producer to the consumer. Wholesalers and retailers make up the marketing phase of our economy.
Selling is the most important marketing function performed by retail and wholesale businesses. Wholesalers buy from producers and sell to retailers. Retailers buy from producers and wholesalers and sell to consumers. Consumers are the users of goods and services in our society. The process of using goods and services is called consumption.
What contribution does selling make to our economy? The role of selling in our society is to identify and provide the goods and services that will satisfy the needs and wants of the consumer. Manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers all depend on customers to purchase products and services. When a business's sales decline, the company usually reduces the number of its employees. The jobs of the many people who produce and provide goods and services, therefore, depend on successful salespeople. When customers purchase products and services, they help create employment in manufacturing, wholesaling, and retailing. Full employment in our country creates additional purchasing power for our consumers. Selling, therefore, assists in maintaining the high standard of living enjoyed in our country.
What contribution does selling make to a business? The role of business in society is to
provide the types of products and services which consumers need and want. It is the job of the salesperson, as the business's representative, to satisfy the customers' needs and wants. Salespeople, and the manner in which they treat customers, can really determine the success or failure of most businesses.
What contribution does selling make to the American consumer? Salespeople are often the only contact a customer has with a business. Salespeople represent the business to the customer. They should offer sincere, honest, friendly, and courteous service to customers. The salesperson's job is to make sure the customer benefits from purchasing a product or service. Salespeople can save customers time and money by providing product information, showing how a product or service will benefit the customer, and making sure customers purchase the products and services which will best meet their needs and wants.
11. The main idea of the first paragraph is ________.
A. the importance of selling skills in managing a company B. the importance of selling skills in job-hunting
C. the importance of selling skills in one’s personal life
D. the importance of selling skills in borrowing
12. Selling is defined in this article as _______________________________
A. helping the customer, and helping him make a wise buying decision
B. getting customers to buy goods
C. getting customers to buy services
D. Both B and C
13. Business in America today is very competitive, because ___________.
A. there are too many kinds of goods in the market B. there are not many demanding customers
C. there are too many similar kinds of goods or services
D. there are too many businesses
14. The three phases of the American economy are ____________________.
A. manufacture, wholesale and retail B. production, sale and after-sale service
C. production, marketing and consumption
D. production, consumption and service
15. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Salespeople represent a business to the customer.
B. Salespeople must offer satisfactory service to customers. C. Salespeople should help customers buy the products that will best benefit customers.
D. The success or failure of salespeople has little to do with the success or failure of a business in most cases.
Passage Four
The so-called Americanization phenomenon seems to be a consequence of the recent globalization in our world. If we find American products worldwide, it is also increasingly
篇三：商务英语阅读课后答案
商务英语阅读（课后练习答案）
Chapter One: Economics
Lesson One
Ⅰ. Check your comprehension: Decide if the sentences are T or F. Write T or F before each sentence. Compare your answer with your pair.
1. T 2. T3. F 4. F 5. FⅡ. Familiar yourself with the following key terms:
A. Choose the statement that defines one of the business terms given below.
1. distribute
4.resource 2. purchase 5.interest 3. loan6. supplier
B. Identify the English expressions of the following Chinese terms.
1.unemployment rate 2.financial affairs 3.auto loan 4.military pursuits
5.civilian pursuits 6.raise money7.medical care 8.economic concerns Ⅲ. Vocabulary practice: Filling in the blanks with the proper words or expressions you have learned from the text given below to finish the following sentences.
1. distributed2. varying 3. economic
5. resources
Ⅳ. Translation.
1．人类有多种需要和需求。经济学仅仅关注人的物质需求。这些需求可以通过消费商品来得到满足─或者是实货（有形商品，如食物），或者是服务（无形商品，如供热）。
2．所有的社会都存在三个共同的基本问题，即：生产什么、怎样生产和为谁生产。前两个问题代表的是生产，而第三个问题则代表的是分配。
3．人类的需要和需求几乎是无限的，然而不幸的是，人们发现自己的资源很缺乏。
4．经济学中最为古老的话题也许就是为什么有些国家富有，而其他国家贫穷。有一点没有异议，那就是在许多发展中国家里，受过高等教育的劳动者稀缺。
V. Oral Practice: Discussion the following two questions with your group members in English.（Omitted）
Lesson Two
Ⅰ. Check your comprehension: Decide if the sentences are T or F. Write T or F before each sentence. Compare your answer with your pair.
1. T 2. T3. F 4. F 5. T6.F
Ⅱ. Familiar yourself with the following key terms: Choose the statement that defines one of the business terms given below.
1. consumption2. household 3. macroeconomic
4. inflation 5. workforce 6. revolutionary
Ⅲ. Make sentences using the following words or patterns.
14. purchasing 6. exchange 7.campaign 8. issue
1. When children are concerned with their parents’ divorce, they are very unhelpful and painful.
2. Children thrive on good food.
3. Management must determine the firm’s cash needs for both the short and long term.
4. We must inquire into the matter before drawing the conclusion.
5. Her old age pension gives her barely enough to get by.
Ⅳ. Translation.
1. 经济学来源于社会哲学，并且与社会哲学有着紧密联系。
2. 宏观经济学与经济的全部工作特性有关系，而微观经济学与单个实体的行为有关系,诸如市场，公司和家庭。
3.在宏观经济中,我们总体上研究经济；在微观经济中,我们着眼于个体市场。
4. We study economics to inquire into the economy of a nation from both the whole and individual.
5. The scope of economics is extremely wide, including many different economic fields.
6. Although macroeconomics is essentially related to microeconomics, it is still different from microeconomics.
V. Oral Practice: Discussion the following two questions with your group members in English. （Omitted）
Lesson Three
Ⅰ. Check your comprehension: Decide if the sentences are T or F. Write T or F before each sentence. Compare your answer with your pair.
1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T5. F
Ⅱ. Familiar yourself with the following key terms: Match each word on the left with its correct meaning on the right.
1. c 2. b 3. d 4. a5. f 6. e
Ⅲ. Cloze: Fill in each blank with an appropriate word from the list given below. Make
changes wherever necessary.
The term market has many meanings. To some people it means the place where they shop for groceries. To other people it means the stock market where people can buy or sell shares. To a manufacturer of women’s dresses it means the current level of demand for dresses.
We can also take a market as a set of economic forces called supply and demand. Supply forces tend to bring goods and services into consumption. Demand forces tend to result in consumption of those goods and services. Supply and demand forces interact to form a price. Since markets play a large role in our economy, we say we have a market economy. A market economy is an economic system in which prices determine how resources will be used and how products will be distributed.
IV. Translation.
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经济学家们谈及供求规律，就是指价格的上涨就会增加供应而价格的下降就会减少供应。如果某一件独特的商品价格上升了,肯定会鼓励生产者生产更多的这类商品。相反，如果价格在当地或在全球下降了，生产者将会减少对它的生产。
V. Writing practice: Please give a summary of this article (around 200 words). (Omitted)
Lesson Four
Ⅰ. Check your comprehension: Decide if the sentences are T or F. Write T or F before each sentence. Compare your answer with your pair.
1. F 2. T3. F4. T5. F
Ⅱ. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements according to the text.
1. c.2. d. 3. d. 4. b.5.d.
Ⅲ. Translation.
1. 有人卖时就有人买；公司在开发新产品时，政府就会通过法律管制污染。
2．价钱太高意味着由于生产过多而造成的过量供应；价钱太低会导致商店里排长队买东西和商品的短缺。
3．生产什么产品不是由消费者投票决定的─ 每2年或4年搞一次民意测验，而是由他们每日的购买所决定。
4．公司不断地受追求最大限度的利润所驱使─即获取纯收入或是总销售和总成本之间的
差额。
5.人们的收入在很大程度上依靠他们自己所拥有的财产，依靠他们习得或继承的能力，
依靠他们的运气，依靠种族和性别歧视的程度。
IV. Cloze: Fill in each blank with an appropriate word from the list given below. Make changes wherever necessary.
Supplies of many commodities can generally be adjusted to suit market conditions. This means that changes in price lead to changes in the quantity of a particular commodity which is made available to consumers. In such instances supply is said to be “elastic”, because it can be increased and decreased rapidly in response to market prices.
Elasticity of supply, as a response to changes in price, is related to demand. Economists define “demand” as a consumer’s desire or want, together with his willingness to pay for what he wants. We can say that demand is indicated by our willingness to offer money for particular goods or services.
V. Oral Practice: Discuss the following two questions with your group members in English. (Omitted)
Lesson Five
Ⅰ. Check your comprehension: Decide if the sentences are T or F. Write T or F before each sentence. Compare your answer with your pair.
1. T
2. T 3. F 4. T 3
5. T
statements. 6. F 7.T 8.T Ⅱ. Check your comprehension: Choose the best answer to each of the following
1. d. 2. a.3. b.4. d. 5. c.
Ⅲ. Translation.
1. 史密斯对市场机制指导作用的洞察激发了包括资本主义的钦佩者和批评家在内的现代经济学者。
2.史密斯自己认为，只有当自由竞争的相互制衡存在时，人们才能完全了解市场机制
的优点。
3. 当所有的工业受自由竞争相互制衡的约束，市场才能利用最有效的技术和最小量的
投入，生产出大量有效的产品。
4.当经济活动在市场之外没有得到补偿时，增加成本或给予他人优惠条件，那么外部
的事物就会出现。
IV. Writing practice: Write a short passage about “market mechanism” with the following phrases. (Omitted)
V. Oral Practice: Discussion the following two questions with your group members in English. (Omitted)
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