篇一：英语句子的种类
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英语句子的种类 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 句子的种类 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 陈述句 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 疑问句 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.4 祈使句 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 感叹句 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.6 there be结构 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.7 否定结构 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
英语句子的种类
1.1 句子的种类
句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四种。如：（1）The English have a wonderful sense of humor.英国人有一种奇妙的幽默感。（陈述句）（2）Who is your favorite author?谁是你喜爱的作家？（疑问句）（3）Don’t believe all the gossip you hear.别轻信听来的一切闲言碎语。（祈使句）（4）How kind you are!您真好啊！（感叹句）
1.2 陈述句
用以陈述事实或观点的句子叫做陈述句。（declarative sentence）。陈述句一般皆用降调，句末有句号。如：（1）The earth is one of several planets revolving round the sun.地球是绕太阳旋转的几个行星之一。（2）Jackson impressed me with his force and his kindness.杰史逊以他的力气和仁慈给我留下了深刻的印象。陈述句的词序一般是主语+谓语动词，或主语+连系动词+表语。如：（3）The river flooded.河水泛滥成灾了。（4）Martha is my flancee.玛莎是我的未婚妻。但是在某些情况下，主语和谓语动词可以倒装。如：（5）There exist different opinions on this question.关于这个问题有不同的观点。（there be结构）（6）”What is the matter with you?” asked the doctor.“你哪儿不好？”医生问。（直接引语之后）
（7）From the window came sounds of music.从窗户里传来了音乐声。（8）Here comes my brother.我弟弟来啦。（9）Never in my life have I seen such a thing.我一生中从未见过这样的事。（never位于句首）（10）Should need arise, we shall communicate with the again.如有需要，我们将同你联系。（条件从句省去了从属连词）陈述句分肯定结构和否定结构。肯定结构的谓语动词不含否定词。如：（11）People have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.人有五种感觉：视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉。（12）Hamlet revenged his dead father.哈姆莱特为他死去的父亲报了仇。变肯定结构为否定结构时，将not置于第一个助动词或情态动词之后；现在一般时和过去一般时谓语动词不含助动词，则在动词前加do (does)或did再加not。如：（13）She has not been sleeping well recently.她近来睡得不大好。（14）He dared not speak.他不敢讲。（15）We usually do not stay late.我们一般不熬夜。在非正式文体中，否定结构常用缩略式。否定缩略式有两种：一种是助动词的缩略式+not；一种是助动词+not的缩略式。后者的语气似乎较前者强。如：（16）He’s not / isn’t / going to spend his summer vocation by the seaside.他不打算去海滨度暑假。（17）We’ll not / shan’t / see him till Monday.星期一以前我们不会见到他。（18）I don’t care what she thinks.我不关心她想什么。连系动词be的否定式与助动词be相同。如：
（19）He is not / He’s not / He isn’t / here yet.他还没有到。实义动词do的否定式与普通动词相同。如：（20）-What did you do on holiday?你们假日干什么了？-We didn’t do anything.我们什么也没干。实义动词have表“吃”等义时，其否定式与普通动词相同。如：（21）She does not / doesn’t / have coffee with breakfast.她早餐不喝咖啡。Have表“有”时，有两种否定式。如： 22）We do not / don’t / have any money.我们没有钱。
23）We have not / haven’t / any money.我们没有钱和。
在当代英语中，后者常为have got所代替。如：（24）I have not / haven’t / got a headache any longer.我不再患头痛病了。陈述句可用来表命令。如：（25）You will kindly do what you are told.请你按对你所说的做。陈述句亦可用来表疑问，句末有问号，用升调。如：（26）He’s waiting in the church?他在教堂等着吗？
1.3 疑问句
用以提问的句子叫做疑问句（interrogative sentence）。疑问句句末须用问号。疑问句有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、附加疑问句、修辞疑问句、感叹疑问句、反问句七种。1）一般疑问句（general question），需要用肯定词yes或否定词no来回答，因此也叫是非疑问句（yes – no question）。这种疑问句句末多用升调，其基本结构为：助动词+主语+谓语，也就是说将陈述句的第一个助动词或情态动词提至主语之前。陈述句如不含助动词或情态动词，则在主语前加do（does）或did，回答常用简略答语。如：（1）-Have you locked the door?你锁门了吗？-Yes, I have.是的，锁了。-No, I haven’t.不，没有锁。（2）-Can Mary play the piano?玛丽会弹钢琴吗？-Yes, she can.是的，她会。-No, she can’t.不，她不会。（3）-Do you know Jack?你认识杰克吗？-Yes, I do.是的，我认识。-No, I don’t.不，我不认识。陈述句如属主+系+表结构，则将连系动词提至主语之前。如：（4）-Is John ill?约翰生病了吗？-Yes, he is.是的，他生病了。-No, he isn’t.不，他没有生病。have表“吃”等义时，与一般动词一样，须用助动词do。如：（5）-Did you have a good time in Japan?你们在日本过得好吗？-Yes, we certainly did.是的，确实很好。have表“有”时，则有两种结构。如：（6）-Have you (got) any sisters?你有姐妹吗？-No, I haven’t.不，没有。（7）-Do you have any sisters?你有姐妹吗？-No, I haven’t.不，没有。在一般疑问句的否定结构中，not一般置于主语之后；但在非正式英语中常用缩略式，即将-n’t与句首的助动词连在一起。回答一般疑问句的否定结构，应注意yes后接肯定结构，not后接否定结构，这与汉语习惯不同。如：（8）-Have you not read this book before?你以前没读过这本书吗？-Yes, I have.不，我读过。-No, I haven’t.是的，我没读过。（9）-Didn’t you speak to him yesterday?你昨天没对他说吗？-Yes, I did.不，我说了。-No, I didn’t.是的，我没说。一般疑问句的否定结构
往往用来表示提问人的惊讶、怀疑等。如：（10）Don’t you beleve me?你不相信我？（表惊讶）（11）Are you not coming?你不来吗？（表怀疑）回答一般疑问句除用yes和not外，也可用certainly, probably, perhaps, of course, all right, with pleasure等代替yes，用never, not at all等代替no。如：（12）-Can you help me?你能帮个忙吗？-Certainly.当然。（13）-Have you been there?你到过那里吗？-Never.从来没有。有时还可以用似乎与问题无关的话来回答。如：（14）-Are you going to watch TV again?你又要看电视？-What else is there to do?还有什么事可干呢？ 2）特殊疑问句（special question），是用来对句子中某一特殊部分提问的疑问句。这种疑问句句末多用降调，一般以疑问词（疑问代词和疑问副词）开始。如：
（15）Who told you that?那是谁告诉你的？（16）Which books have you lent him?你借给了他哪些书。（17）Whose beautiful antiques are these?这是谁的漂亮的古董。（18）How wide did they make the bookcase?他们把书架做成多宽？（19）When will he arrive?他什么时间到？（20）Where did you get that ladder from?你从哪儿弄到那梯子的？（21）Why did you go this way?你为什么走了这条路？（22）How did you mend it?你是怎样修补的？（23）How much did you pay?你付了多少钱？
（24）How long have you been waiting?你等多久了？从以上例句可以看出，特殊疑问句使用的疑问词大多以wh开头，所以也叫wh-疑问句。从以上例句还可以看出，特殊疑问句的一般结构是：疑问词+一般疑问句，但提问主语部分的疑问句除外。提问主语部分的特殊疑问句采用陈述句的词序。如：（25）Who is reading a book at the window?谁在窗户下念书？（26）What is lying on the table?桌上放的是什么？提问修饰主语的定语时亦采用这种结构。如：（27）What you book is lying on the table?桌上放的是什么书？（28）Whose childen came here yesterday?谁的孩子昨天来这里了？（29）How many students work in the laboratory?实验室里有多少学生工作？特殊疑问句一般使用完全答语，即重复全部句子成分，但名词常由代词代替。如：（30）-When did the teacher read an interesting story to the students?什么时候教师给学生读了一个有趣的故事？-He read it to them yesterday.他是昨天给他们读的。当然亦可以只回答提问部分。如：（31）-What time does the next class begin?下节课什么时间开始？-At ten.十点。提问主语部分的疑问句一般使用简略答语，即用主语及谓语部分的助动词或情态动词。如：（32）-Who is standing at the window?谁站在窗户下？-My sister is.我妹妹。（33）-Who can do it?谁能做它？-I can.我能。（34）-Who gives you English lessons?谁给你们上英语课。-Professor Smith does.史密斯教授。当然亦可只回答主语。如：（35）-What book is lying on the table?桌上放的是什么书？-A French book.一本法语书。当疑问词作为“动词+介词”短语的宾语时，介词一般置于句末。如：（36）Where did you get that suit from?你从哪儿买到那套衣服的？如动词与介词已构成短语动词，则不可拆开。如：（37）What are you looking for?你在找什么？有些句子的介词必须位于句首。如：（37）What are you looking for?你在找什么？有些句子中的介词必须位于句首。如：（38）Since when have you lived here?你从什么时候起住在这里的？（39）On what grounds do you suspect him?你凭什么怀疑他？特殊疑问句的否定结构是将not置于主语之后。如：（40）Why did you not come yesterday?为什么你昨天没来？但非正式英语中常将not的缩略式-n’t与助动词或情态动词连写。如：（41）Who doesn’t know this rule?谁不知道这条规则？以why don’t you及其缩略式why not开头的疑问句常表建议或请求。如：（42）Why don’t you give me a hand?你帮我一下好吗？（43）Why not go by train?乘火车去不好吗？特殊疑问句有一些缩略结构。如：（44）How about (或what about) going to the pictures?去看电影怎么样？（45）Why leave the door open?干吗不关门？（46）Where to go?到哪儿去？（47）What if it rains?如果下雨怎么办？还有不少简略的说法，如what else?（还有什么？）So what?（那又怎么样？）What next?（还有比这更荒唐的吗？）What then?（下一步怎么办？）What by?（谁写的？）Which way?（走哪条路？）等。有时特殊疑问句可有一个以上的疑问词。如：（48）Which present did you give to whom?你把那一件礼物给了谁啦？（49）Who said what to whom?谁跟谁说什么啦？有时特殊疑问句可采用陈述句结构。如：（50）Your name is what?你的名字是什么？复合的特殊疑问句，常用来询问对方或第三者的想法或意见。这种疑问句由一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种结构揉合而成。在这种复合结构中，特殊疑问句成了一般疑问句结构中的宾语。如：（51）What do you think is the best film of the year?你看今年的最佳影片是什么？（52）What did you say his name was?你刚才说的他的名字是什么？
3）选择疑问句（alternative question）是提供两种或两种以上的情况，供对方选择的。选择疑问句有两种：一种类似一般疑问句的形式，一种类似特殊疑问句的形式。第一种选择疑问句由两个或两个以上的一般疑问句构成，中间用or连接，后一个疑问句常用缩略式。如：（53）Shall we go by bus or (shall we go) by train?我们乘公共汽车去还是乘火车去？
（54）Do you like tea or (do you like) coffee?你喜欢茶还是咖啡？选择疑问句的第一句用升调，第二句用降调。如：（55）Shall we go by bus or train?我们乘公共汽车去还是乘火车去？（选择疑问句）如重音在句末，则为一般疑问句。如：（56）Shall we go by bus or train?（一般疑问句）这种选择疑问句形式上与一般疑问句相似，但内容却与特殊疑问句相似，因此不用yes或no回答，而且可以对句子的名个成分提问。如：（57）-Did you spend the summer in California or in Florida?你是在加利福尼亚还是在佛罗里达度的夏天？-I spent it in Florida.我在佛罗里达度夏天。（58）-Do you speak English or French?你说英语还是法语？-I speak English.我说英语。（59）-Is he resting or working?他在休息还是在工作？-He is working.他在工作。（60）-Are you a Democrat or a Republican?你是民主党人还是共和党人？-I am a Democrat.我是民主党人。在提问主语部分时，总是在第二个主语前助动词或情态动词，并用简略回答。如：（61）-Did you speak to them, or
did the manager?是你对他们说的，还是经理对他们说的？-The manager did.是经理对他们说的。（62）-Will you go there, or will your wife?是你去那儿，还是你妻子去？-My wife will.我妻子去。第二种选择疑问句由一个特殊疑问句加两个或两个以上的选择答案（用or连接）构成。如：（63）Who do you like best, Tom or Derek?你最喜欢谁，汤姆还是德里克？
（64）Which ice cream would you lik, chocolate, vanilla or strawberry?你喜欢什么样的冰淇淋，巧克力的、香草的还是草莓的？除了上述几种选择以外，还可用由not构成的是非选择。如：（65）Do you want to buy it or not?你想买它还是不想买它？（66）Are you ready or not?你准备好还是没有准备好？下面三种说法都是对的：（67）Are you coming or not?
（68）Are you coming or aren’t you (coming)?（重读第一个coming）（69）Are you or aren’t you coming?（重读are） 4）附加疑问句（tag question）是附陈述句之后，对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问。这种疑问句由助动词或情态动词加主语（常与陈述句的主语相同）构成，前有逗号，后有问号。附加疑问句的结构实际上是一种简略的一般疑问句，所以其答语一般须用yes或no。附加疑问句常常是反意的，所以也叫反意疑问句。陈述句如是肯定结构，其后的附加疑问句用否定结构；反之，陈述句如是否定结构，其后的附加疑问句则用肯定结构。附加疑问句的主语须用代词。如：
（70）-Your sister hasn’t returned from San Francisco yet, has she?你妹妹还没从旧金山回来，是吗？-Yes, she has.不，她回来了。-No she hasn’t.是的，她还没回来。（71）-We were late, weren’t we?我们晚，不是吗？-Yes, we were.是的，我们晚了。-No, we weren’t.不，我们没有晚。（72）-Mickey can’t speak Russian, can he?米基不会说俄语，对吗？-Yes, he can.不，他会说。-No, he can’t.是的，他不会说。如陈述句无be或助动词或情态动词，附加疑问句则用助动词do (does)或did。如：（73）-John likes tea, doesn’t he?约翰喜欢喝茶，不是吗？-Yes, he does.是的，他喜欢喝。-No, he doesn’t.不，他不喜欢。（74）-She told you, didn’t she?她告诉你了，不是吗？-Yes, she did.是的，她告诉了。-No, she didn’t.不，她没有告诉。在正式文体中，否定附加疑问句不用缩略式，not应置于主语之后。如：（75）She know(转自：wWw.DXf5.Com 东星 资源网:闲言吉语警句)s you, does she not?她认识你，不是吗？陈述句中的hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom亦表否定，故其的一的附加疑问句应用肯定结构。如：（76）You hardly know her, do you?你几乎不认识她，对吗？（77）He seldom goes out, does he?他很少外出，对吗？附加疑问句因音调不同，其含义亦有所不同。陈述句总是用降调，而附加疑问句既可升调亦可用降调。用升调时希望对方对陈述句内容的真实性作出自己的判断，而说话人不带任何倾向性。如：（78）He likes his jòb, dóesn’t he?你喜欢他的工作，不是吗？（79）He doesn’t like his jòb, dóes he?他不喜欢他的工作，是吗？用降调时则希望对方对陈述句的内容加以证实，说话人有明显的倾向性，即支持陈述句的内容。如：（80）He likes his jòb, dóesn’t he?他喜欢他的工作，不是吗？（希望对方回答：Yes, he does）（81）He doesn’t like his jòb, dòes he?他不喜欢他的工作，是吗？（希望对方回答：No, he doesn’t）否定陈述句后接肯定附加疑问句时，有时表示请求或询问。如：（82）You couldn’t give me a lift, could you?你可以让我搭你的车吧？（请求）（83）I’m not on the wrong train, am I?我没有坐错火车吗，我坐错了吗？（询问）还有一种附加疑问句并不表反意，陈述句与其后的附加疑问句可以都是肯定结构。这种附加疑问句用升调，常表示一种回忆或推断，有时带有惊讶、愤怒、讥讽等感情色彩。如：（84）You’ve had an accident, have you?你遭到一次事故，是吧？（重复已说过的话）（85）Your car is outside, is it?你的汽车停在外面，是吧？（表推断）（86）So he likes his job does he?那么他喜欢他的工作，是吗？（表惊讶）（87）Oh, you’ve had another accident, have you?噢，你又出事故啦，是吗？（表惊讶）（88）So that’s your game, is it?原来那就是你的把戏，是吗？（表讥讽）附加疑问句有时可用eh? right? am I right? don’t you think? isn’t that so?等。如：（89）She didn’t pass the exam, eh?她没有通过考试，呃？（90）They forgot to attend the lecture, am I right?他们忘记去了那一次课了，对不对？说话人有时可用附加疑问句和对方对话，表示同意、惊讶等。如：（91）-Their daughter is very clever.他们的女儿很聪明。-(Yes,) isn’t she?可不是。（用降调，表同意）（92）-They’re moving to Now York.他们要迁到纽约去。-Are they?是吗？（用升调，表惊讶） 5）修辞疑问句（rhetorical question）是为了取得一种修辞上的效果而提出的，它实际上相当于陈述句，不需要回答，但肯定结构表否定，否定结构表肯定。这种疑问句如属一般疑问句，用升调；如属特殊疑问句，则用降调。如：（93）What more do you want?你还想要什么呢？（意即你不应再想要什么了，应知足了）（94）Is it important?这事对你有关紧要吗？（意即对你无关紧要，何必问呢？）
（95）What do I care?关我什么事？（意即我才不在乎呢）（96）Who doesn’t know?谁不知道？（意即谁都知道）（97）Haven’t you got anything better to do?你难道没有更值得的事可做吗？（意即当然有） 6）感叹疑问句（exclamatory question）的形式虽是疑问句，实际是表感叹。肯定与否定结构皆可用。句末用感叹句。如：（98）Am I hungry!我当然饿！（99）Hasn’t she grown!她成长得多快！（但如说Has she not grown?则是一般疑问句，问她长大了吗？亦可用肯定结构说Has she grown!但每个词皆重读，其意=She has grown!） 7）反问句（echo question）要求对方肯定或解释所说过的话。这种疑问句往往重复对方的话，或提出特殊疑问，句末用升调。如：（100）-I’m going to town.我要进城去。-To town?进城？-Yes.是的。（101）-Have you borrowed my pen?你借我的钢笔了吗？-(Have I) borrowed your pen?借你的钢笔。（102）-It cost five dollars.它的价是五美元。-How much did it cost?它的价是多少？-Five dollars.五美元。（103）-Take a look at this.你看看这个吧。-Take a look at what?看什么呀？
1.4 祈使句
用以表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等的句子叫做祈使句（imperative sentence）。祈使句的结构与陈述句一样，但主语常省略。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也不能与情态动词连用。祈使句的主语常为第二人称you。谓语用动词原形，否定结构用don’t加动词原形。句子末尾用句号或感叹号，通常用降调。如：（1）Put those things back in their places.把那些东西放回原处。（2）Look out! there’s a car coming.当心！有车来了。（3）Don’t touch me!不要碰我！（4）Sit up straight, children! Don’t lean over the table.坐直，孩子们！别靠在桌子上。祈使句后面可用附加疑问句，以加强语气。如：（5）Fetch me a chair, won’t you?请给我拿把椅子来，好吗？（附加疑问句为否定结构，祈使句为肯定结构，用升调）（6）Come here, will you?请这边来。（附加疑问句与祈使句均为肯定结构，用降调）祈使句表请求时应加please。如：（7）Come in, please.请进来。祈使句可用被动式，但多属否定结构。如：（8）Don’t be decdived by his look.不要被他的外貌所欺骗。（否定结构）用get代替be时，则可有肯定结构。如：（9）Get washed.洗一洗吧。（10）Get dressed.穿好衣服吧。祈使句偶尔也用进行式和完成式。如：（11）Be listening to this station at the same time tomorrow night.请于明晚同一时间收听本台的广播。（12）Start the book and have finished it before you go to bed.开始读这本书吧，要在睡觉前把它读完。祈使句如需要强调对方时，亦可表出主语you。如：（13）You be quiet!你安静！用否定结构时，don’t一般置于句首即主语之前。如：（14）Don’t you open the door.你不要开门。祈使句亦可用第三人称作主语。如：（15）Somebody open the door.来个人把门打开。（16）Parents with children go to the front.带孩子的家长到前面去。（17）Men in the front row take one step forward.前排的士兵向前一步走。用第三人称的带主语的祈使句否定结构与第二人称的带主语的祈使句否定结构一样。don’t须置于主语之前。如：（18）Don’t anyone open the door.谁也别开门。用第三人称的祈使句还可加谓语动词let。如：（19）Let him be here by ten o’clock.让他十点前到这里来。（20）Let no one think that a teacher’s life is easy.不要让人认为教师生活是轻松的。这种祈使句的否定结构亦须加don’t。如：（21）Don’t let the baby fall.别让婴孩掉下来。let也常用于第一人称，let me表单数，let us (let’s)表复数。如：（22）Let me try.让我试试。（23）Let us have something iced to drink.让我们喝点冷饮。在口语中，let’s有时也可表单数。如：（24）Let’s give you a hand.让我帮帮你。这种用let的祈使句的否定结构一般由let及人称代词加not构成。如：（25）Let us not talk of that matter.让我们别谈那件事吧。（26）Let us not say anything about it.关于那件事，让我们什么也别说。在非正式英语中，常用don’t构成否定结构。如：（27）Don’t let’s say anything about it.（英国英语）（28）Let’s don’t say anything about it.（美国英语）在肯定祈使句之前可用助动词do以加强语气，但这种结构只用于第一人称祈使句和第二人称无主语的祈使句。如：（29）Do be quiet a moment.一定要安静一会儿。（30）Do let me do.一定让我去吧。祈使句除用谓语动词表示外，还可用名词、形容词、副词等表示。如：（31）Help!救人哟！（32）Patience!要有耐心！（33）Quickly!快！（34）Hands up!举起手来！
1.5 感叹句
用以表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子叫做感叹句。感叹句句末常感叹号，亦可用句号，一般用降调。感叹句的构成方法有三种。1）陈述句、疑问句只要改变原来的音调（即变为降调）即可构成感叹句。如：（1）The house is on fire!房子着火啦！（2）Mother, aunt is coming!妈妈，姑妈来啦！（3）Have you ever seen such a thing?!你曾见过这种事吗？！
（4）Would you believe it! The servant’s broken another dish.你信吗，仆人又打碎了一只盘子！（5）Stop probing!不要盘 根问底了！ 2）将感叹词what或how及它所修饰的词置于句首，即可构成感叹句。how后接形容词和副词，what后接名词，主谓词序不倒装。如：（6）How blue the sky is!天空多蓝呀！（7）How clever he is!他多聪明呀！（8）How quickly you walk!你走得多快呀！（9）How well you look!你气色多好呀！（10）What a foolish mistake I have made!我犯了一个多么愚蠢的错误呀！how修饰动词时动词不提前。如：（12）How she sings!她唱得多好呀！（13）How he snores!他的鼾声真大呀！在感叹句中，what a用来修饰单形可数名词，what则用来修饰复形可数名词和不可数名词。如：（14）What a tall boy he is!他是一个多高的男孩子啊！（15）What foolish mistakes you have made!你犯了多么愚蠢的错误啊！（16）What cold water you have brought me!你给我拿来的水多凉啊！有的不可数名词也可用what a。如：（17）What a mess we’re in!我们这儿多乱啊！要注意区分强调的是形容词还是名词。强调形容词时用how，强调名词时用what。如：（18）What a fine building that is!那是一幢多么漂亮的建筑物啊！（19）How empty and pdeantic a thinker he is!他是一个多么空虚而迂腐的思想家！ 3）单词或短语均可构成感叹句（省去其它句子成分）。如：（20）Fire!着火啦！（21）Good heavens!天哪！（22）Listen! The cuckoo, Jon!听啊！是布谷鸟，乔恩！（23）The scent of lime flowers!菩提花真香啊！（24）What a hot day!多么炎热的一天啊！（25）How wonderful!多妙啊！
1.6 there be结构
there be结构在英语里是一种常见的句子结构。它以引词there开始，后常接动词be的各种形式，再后才是主语，主语之后又常有表时间和地点的状语。它像是一种倒装句，但它已变成为一种自然的词序。这种结构中的there本身无词义，常弱读作/??/，其后的动词be具有“存在”之义，所以是一实义动词。如：（1）There is a telephone in that room.那间屋子里有一部电话。（2）There are many apple trees in the garden.花园里有许多苹果树。（3）There was a symphony concert last night.昨晚有一场交响音乐会。there be结构中的主语一般皆指不确定的事物。如：（4）There is a lamp on the
篇二：Unit4 words补
Unit 4 Imagination and Creativity
Words & Expressions
in a row: happening a number of times, one after another
- Bill Gates lost $6 billion last year, but that didn’t stop him from being the richest man in the world for the 8th year in a row.
- 这是接连着第三个星期天下雨了。
(=This is the third Sunday in a row that rains.)
doze off: fall into a light sleep
- Before I had time to doze off again, I was disturbed by a rattling of plates and dishes in the servant’s hall.
- That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.
- 有些学生常在课堂上打瞌睡。
(=Some students often doze off in class.)
frail: adj. weak
- Mrs. Warner is already 96 and too frail to live by herself.
- 自从他病愈之后，就一直很虚弱，但他却有惊人的耐力。
(=Ever since his recovery he has been very frail, yet capable of surprising endurance.)
CF: frail, weak, crippled & fragile
这四个形容词均有“虚弱的、乏力的”之意。
frail多指因经常生病而身体虚弱，也指某物不耐用，易碎易损。
weak是普通用词，指缺乏应有的力量，可用于身体、意志或精神。
crippled指肢体部分伤残的或无法使用四肢的。
fragile语气比 frail 强，侧重脆弱，指人容易生病。
Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
3. He couldn’t walk fast because of his
strain: vt.
1) make a situation or relationship more difficult
- Relations between Tokyo and Washington were further strained by the monetary crisis involving the December 1971 revaluation of the Japanese yen.
- 该事件使得两国关系趋于紧张。
(=The incident has strained relations between the two countries.)
2) stretch tightly by pulling
- They strained the wire between two posts.
- 负载过重会把绳子拉紧到崩断的地步。
(=Too heavy a load will strain the rope to its breaking point.)
Collocation：
strain every nerve
strain at the leash
strain one’s muscles
strain one’s authority 尽力 渴望挣脱束缚 绷住劲 滥用职权
make ends meet: balance one’s income and expenditure
- It may be difficult at times to make ends meet on your small income.
- It was very difficult for Arthur to make ends meet when his factory was put on a three-day week during the recession.
- 他们失了业，还要养活两个小孩，无法维持起码的生活。
(=Being out of work and having two young children, they found it impossible to make ends meet.)
stretch:
1. vt.
1) make sth. longer, wider or tighter by pulling
- Where can I buy those things that stretch your shoes?
- A spider’s web can be stretched considerably without weakening.
- 你如果拉橡皮带，它就会伸长。
(=If you stretch a piece of elastic, it becomes much longer.)
2) extend or thrust out (a limb or part of the body) and tighten the muscles
- She went out to stretch her legs after lunch.
- 应付抽筋最有效的方法就是轻柔缓和地去伸展肌肉抽筋的部位。
(=The most effective treatment for muscle cramps is to gently stretch the cramped muscle.)
2. vi. spread out over an area or a period of time; extend
- The ocean stretched as far as they could see on all sides.
- 这条道路穿过沙漠伸向远方。
(=The road stretched out across the desert into the distance.)
Collocation：
stretch one’s legs 散步
stretch a point做出让步
at a stretch 连续地
at full stretch竭尽全力
beyond the stretch of … 超出…范围
CF: stretch, extend, lengthen & prolong
这四个动词均有“伸展、伸长”之意。
stretch 表示在长宽上增加，意思是“延伸、伸长”。 例如：
- I stretched out my arm trying to reach the ball.
(=我伸手设法够到那只球。)
extend表示时空的延长，一般指延伸到某一预想的位臵。还可以表示某一范围，如种类、影响、适用度的增加。例如：
- The kingdom extended as far as hundreds of miles in every direction.
(=这个王国的领土绵延方圆数百里。)
lengthen 表示时空长度的增加、伸长。例如：
- I have to ask the tailor to lengthen this skirt.
(=我得要裁缝将这条裙子放长一些。)
prolong表示超过通常、普通的限定，使期限延长。 例如：
- The meeting may be prolonged into the evening because so many problems have to be solved tonight.
(=会议可能要延长到夜里，因为今晚有太多问题要解决。)
twist: vt.
1) turn round; revolve
- Twist the handle to the right and the box will open.
- 我扭过头去把汽车向后倒。
(=I twisted my head round to reverse the car.)
2) deliberately give a false meaning to words, etc.
- The police tried to twist the man’s statement into an admission of guilt.
- 报纸把我的话全都歪曲了。
(=The papers twisted everything I said.)
Pattern:
twist sth. round sth. 使某物缠绕某物
twist sth. into sth. 把某物扭/搓成某物
twist off 扭断；拧开
twist up 扭弯；歪曲
outbreak: n. the sudden or violent start of sth. unwelcome, such as disease
- The area was struck by an outbreak of cholera.
- So violent was his outbreak that they hesitated to intervene.
- 由于战争爆发，这个研究计划搁浅了。
(=The research project fetched up because of the outbreak of the war.)
alien:
1. n. anyone who does not belong in the environment in which they are found
- Immigrant workers were classed as resident aliens.
- 背井离乡这么久，现在在他自己的国家，他觉得自己像个外人。
(=After being away for so long, he feels like an alien in his own country now.)
2. adj.
1) very different from what you are used to, especially in a way that is difficult to understand or accept
- Their ideas are quite alien to our ways of thinking.
- 残忍完全不合他的本性。
(=Cruelty is quite alien to his nature.)
2) being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world
- After the alien spacecraft had hovered over the park for a short time, it vanished.
- 我在异国他乡遇到故知。
(=I ran into an old friend in the alien land.)
CF: alien, foreign & extrinsic
这三个形容词均有“外来的”之意。
alien 表示无关联的、外来的，不能成为事物固有的组成部分，常带有厌恶之意，至少有不可兼容、不可调和之意。
foreign 是正式用法，表示在本国以外的，涉及到国外的。还表示因没有共同特性、关联而与其他事物有所不同的，不相干的。
extrinsic 表示明显在某物之外的，或从其他事物中得来的。
Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1. I can’t understand what he says; he must be
3. A man’s courage and talent are intrinsic advantages; his wealth and family influence are
remarkable: adj.
1) striking
- He showed remarkable courage when he faced the danger.
- 他生病的整个阶段都表现出非凡的忍耐力。
(=He showed remarkable endurance throughout his illness.)
2) worthy of attention
- The social changes which occurred in China are remarkable.
- 唐朝是一段以开明著称的时期。
(=The Tang Dynasty is a period remarkable for its liberality.)
CF: remarkable, noticeable, outstanding & conspicuous
这四个形容词均含有“突出的、值得注意的”之意。
remarkable 指所描写的事物或特征因与众不同或非同寻常而显得突出，含有需要大家评论、注意或关注的意味。
noticeable 指某事物或某特征太明显而不可避免地引起人们的注意，可作定语或表语。 outstanding 为普通用词，指人或物在同类比较中显得出类拔萃或具有显著的特征。
conspicuous 指某事物或某特征太显眼太突出而刺激感官或头脑并立即为感官或头脑所感觉到。
Fill in the blanks with the words above.
original: adj.
1) being or productive of something fresh and unusual; being as first made or thought of - I don’t think George is capable of having original ideas!
- 评论家们称赞该作品独树一臶。
(=Critics praised the work as highly original.)
2) preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed
- His original enthusiasm has turned sour.
- He excluded certain passages from the original book in the new edition.
- 房子原先的主人搬出去了。
(=The original owner of the house moved out.)
loose: adj. not firmly fastened in place
- I tied the boat to the tree but it has come loose.
- 他的裤子太短，外套和背心又太肥大。
(=His trousers were too short and his coat and vest too loose.)
Collocation：
hang loose放松，自在
come loose放松，解开
break loose挣脱，逃脱
at a loose end无事可做
have a loose tongue 嘴不紧
CF: loose, lax & slack
这三个形容词均有“松的、松懈的”之意。
loose 意为“宽松的，不紧的”，通常指事物因未固定牢或安装得不紧而松动或移动。也可以指事物处于未控制或限制的状态，即自由状态。例如：
- The dog is too dangerous to be left loose.
(=这条狗太危险了，不可放开。)
lax 指对人或事物给予不足够的重视或对其要求不严，亦可指行为松懈、懒散，常含有放纵、漠不关心之意。例如：
- The teacher is too lax with his students, no wonder they are so undisciplined.
(=老师对学生们管理松懈，怪不得他们这么缺乏纪律性。)
slack 指绳子、线等没有拉紧或绷紧而显得松弛下垂。还可指人疏忽职守、懈怠或无力气。例如：
- The workmen have been very slack in their work recently.
(=工人们最近工作一直很懈怠。)
unify: vt. bring together
- His music unifies traditional and modern themes.
- 我们决意将这两岛联合起来创立一个国家。
(=It’s our firm determination to unify the two islands into one country.)
beyond any doubt: allowing no uncertainty
- The authenticity of the manuscript is beyond any doubt.
- The prosecution must prove beyond any doubt that the accused is guilty of the crime.
- 她使我深信，保罗确实是清白无辜的。
(=She convinced me that Paul was, beyond any doubt, innocent.)
Collocation：
beyond all doubt 毫无疑问
beyond the shadow of doubt 毫无疑问
without doubt 无疑地
cast doubt on … 对…产生怀疑
篇三：2016届高考英语 专题七 非谓语动词(全国通用)
专题七 非谓语动词
A组 三年模拟精选(2015～2013)(改编)
1.(2015·大连二中月考)He suddenly appeared in class one day， (wear) sun glasses.
解析 考查现在分词。根据句子结构可知，已有谓语动词appeared，动词wear前又没有并列连词，故应为非谓语动词作状语，表示伴随情况；又因主语he与wear之间是主动关系，故要用现在分词。
答案 wearing
2.(2015·河南六市联考)One morning，I was waiting at the bus stop，worried about (be) late for school.
解析 考查动名词。介词about后应该跟名词或动名词，故要用being。
答案 being
3.(2015·哈尔滨月检)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused (stop) until we reached the next stop.
解析 考查不定式。动词refuse后要接不定式作宾语， refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事。 答案 to stop
4.(2015·河南中原名校一模)Still，the boy kept (ride).He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.
解析 考查固定短语。然而这个男孩一直骑个不停。keep doing sth一直做某事。 答案 riding
5.(2015·河北五校联盟)We got a little (sunburn)，but the day had been so relaxing that we didn't mind.
解析 考查过去分词。我们有点晒黑了。动词sunburn晒黑，此处get ＋ done结构为被动结构，表示某一事件或事故的发生，着重强调动作。
答案 sunburned/ sunburnt
6.(2015·广州海珠区摸底)My older brother and I are busy(arrange) a trip to Africa.
解析 考查动名词。be busy (in) doing...忙于做某事。
答案 arranging
7.(2015·吉林一中月考)Qu was a minister of the State of Chu(situate) in present－day Hunan and Hubei Provinces，during the Warring States Period(战国时期).
解析 考查过去分词。表示位于何地时，用be situated in/on。过去分词situated作定语，相当于定语从句which was situated...。
答案 situated
8.(2015·山西太原五中月考)Last weekend as I was riding in the bike lane alongside the truck，we reached a crossing and it turned to the right， (hit) me and my bicycle.
解析 考查现在分词。句意：上周我骑自行车时旁边有辆卡车，当到十字路口时，它向右转，撞到了我和我的自行车。hitting作结果状语。
答案 hitting
9.(2015·内蒙古师大附中月考)After luckily(succeed) in the national college entrance examination，I realized my dream again：after graduation，I became a citizen working in a city.
解析 考查动名词。介词after后要用动名词作宾语。
答案 succeeding
10.(2015·甘肃兰州一中月考)Most of the fish there was(freeze)，but we had not much trouble finding some fresh fish at the other part of the market. 解析 考查过去分词。此处作表语，表状态，要用frozen(冰冻的)。
答案 frozen
11.(2015·海南中学月考)Well，it always takes time to consider before (make) a decision.
解析 考查动名词。在做决定之前要认真考虑。before是介词，后跟动名词。
答案 making
12.(2015·乌鲁木齐一中月考)Now，the merchant's 1st wife is a very loyal partner and has made great contributions in maintaining his wealth and business as well as (take) care of the household.
解析 考查动名词。as well as 连接并列结构，take在形式上要与maintain保持一致。 答案 taking
13.(2015·山西太原五中月考)Eventually，I decided(contact) University Student Legal Services for help about this matter.
解析 考查不定式。decide to do...决定做某事。
答案 to contact
14.(2015·辽宁育明高中月考)Woo Sing stopped (think) about these strange actions，saying to himself，“This boy is fooling me.He does everything that I do.” 解析 考查不定式。Woo Sing停下来想这些奇怪的行为??。stop to do sth停下来去做某事。
答案 to think
15.(2015·黑龙江哈三中二模)Most probably，it may lead to a small talk which often brings harm or disrespect to others，thus (hurt) others' feelings. 解析 考查现在分词。句意：很有可能，这种好奇心会导致闲言碎语，而那些闲言碎语会对别人造成伤害或者不尊重，这样就伤害了别人的感情。现在分词作结果状语，主语a small talk 和hurt之间为主谓关系，故要用现在分词。
答案 hurting
16.(2014·河南濮阳市二模)Yes，and there is a lot of points of view when you listen to talk shows.I usually enjoy (listen) to them.
解析 考查动名词。enjoy doing喜欢做某事。
答案 listening
17.(2014·辽宁瓦房店高级中学考前模拟)Taking a taxi is five times as expensive as (take) a bus.
解析 考查动名词。这里taking a bus和taking a taxi进行比较。
答案 taking
18.(2014·甘肃民乐一中诊断)I then realized she had no arms or legs，just a head，a
neck and upper body，(dress) in a little white skirt.
解析 考查过去分词。此处过去分词短语dressed in...相当于定语从句who was dressed in...。
答案 dressed
19.(2014·甘肃嘉峪关市一中六模)The price of tea (pick) in March is extremely high.
解析 考查过去分词。tea与动词pick之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。 答案 picked
20.(2014·宁夏大学附属中学二模)We have also formed a special support group to help young people stop(smoke).
解析 考查动名词。stop to do sth 停下来去做某事；stop doing sth 停止正在做的事情。根据语境可知“我们还成立了一个特殊的小组去帮助青少年戒烟”。stop smoking戒烟。
答案 smoking
21.(2014·河北邯郸市一模)We offer them three choices：the end of March，the middle of April and the beginning of May，and they chose the earliest one，which is good actually with exams (come) up in May.
解析 这里是with的复合结构，exam和come是主动关系，所以要用现在分词coming作宾语补足语。
答案 coming
22.(2014·河北邯郸市一模)We've got to remember this group wants to look at how the Internet is being (use) in the classroom.
解析 考查过去分词。参观团想看看我们学校的网络是如何被使用的。此处为现在进行时的被动语态，故要用过去分词used。
答案 used
23.(2013·广州中学协作)An excellent reputation and high rankings are certainly important，according to a survey (conduct) by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission in 50 Shanghai high schools this summer.
解析 考查过去分词。名词a survey与动词conduct之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词做后置定语，相当于定语从句which is conducted by...。
答案 conducted
24.(2013·广东六校期末)In the beginning，there was only a very small amount of unfairness in the world，but everyone added a little，always(think) that
it was only small and not very important，and look where we have ended up today. 解析 考查现在分词。动词think与主语everyone之间为主动关系，前面已经有了谓语动词added，故要用现在分词表伴随。
答案 thinking
25.(2013·清远诊断)She wished that he was as easy(please) as her mother， who was always delighted with perfume.
解析 考查不定式。句意：她希望他像母亲一样容易满足，母亲总是喜欢香水。此处为sb /sth be ＋adj. ＋ to do结构。
答案 to please
B组 一年创新导向
1.(关注动词不定式作意料之外的结果状语)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only(find) his plane high up in the sky.
解析 句意：汤姆乘出租车去了机场，却发现飞机已经飞在高空了。考查非谓语动词。only后接不定式形式表示意想不到的结果。
答案 to find
2.(关注动词不定式作目的状语) (admit) to a key university，all the students in Senior 3 are making great efforts to study.
解析 考查非谓语动词。句意：为了被一所重点大学录取，所有的高三学生正在努力学习。admit的逻辑主语即为句子的主语，并与主语all the students是被动关系，表目的。 答案 To be admitted
3.Young people can accomplish what they want through such simple acts as keeping themselves (focus) and approaching everything with total commitment. 解析 句意：年轻人应该通过一些简单的行为，如集中精力并全心全意地处理好每件事来实现自己的人生目标。考查非谓语动词。本题考查“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构，keep＋宾语＋doing“使??一直/反复做??”，keep＋宾语＋done“使??被??”为固定搭配。keep yourself focused意为“使自己集中于”。 focus的主动结构为： focus oneself/one's attention on，这里宾语和宾补为被动关系，宾补表状态。
答案 focused
C组 语境对点演练
Ⅰ.语篇填空