篇一：“英文科技论文写作培训班”活动总结
青年成长工程立项“英文科技论文写作培训班”活动总结1，(本文来自：WWw.DXF5.com 东 星 资 源 网:英文科技论文写作培训)活动开展情况（1）原定目标为了提高教师的英语水平，使其能够熟练、灵活地运用英文撰写高水平科技论文，软件学院工会于2012年4月申请了青年成长工程项目“英文科技论文写作培训班”，拟借助国际班外教资源和外语教学部的帮助下，开展一系列讲座，达到提升教师英文科技论文的写作能力。
（2）遇到的问题在本项目的实施过程中，遇到了一个最大的困难是如何找到适合的讲师。国际班外教大部分是侧重教学的教师，能够做科技论文撰写相关指导的可能性非常小。外语教学部反馈的信息是学院的英语外教或者熟悉的外语学院外教也基本无法做此方面的辅导。因此，不得不在项目开始后进行了调整，将“提升科技论文写作能力”的目标转换为了“培养教师英文授课能力”。（3）实际执行情况在2012年10月至12月期间，组织了专业课教师观摩外教授课的活动。先后有10余名教师参加了本项活动，收集听课记录21份。在12月初，组织教师参加了美籍教师Michael的networkmeeting活动，按照Michael的课程安排与国际班的同学进行了英语交流。2，活动的效果通过观摩外教课并与外教和学生针对英语教学的方式方法进行讨论，学院教师英语表达能力得到了不断提升。学院工会也通过与外教的交流发现了提升教师英语授课能力的专项训练，并向学院相关部门提出了需求，积极为教师们争取学习和提升的机会。3，改进的思路本次立项活动前期调研不够充分，导致在项目进行过程中必须调整思路。在未来的立项工作中，我们将加强调研，认真论证项目的可行性，以保证立项内容的顺利进行。
篇二：英文科技论文写作方法
英文科技论文写作是进行国际学术交流必需的技能。一般而言，发表在专业英语期刊上的科技论文在文章结构和文字表达上都有其特定的格式和规定，只有严格遵循国际标准和相应刊物的规定，才能提高所投稿件的录用率。
撰写英文科技论文的第一步就是推敲结构。最简单有效的方法即采用IMRaD形式(Introduction，Materials and Methods，Results，and Discussion)，这是英文科技论文最通用的一种结构方式。
IMRaD结构的逻辑体现在它能依次回答以下问题：
Introduction（引言）：研究的是什么问题？
Materials and Methods（材料和方法）：怎样研究这个问题？
Results（结果）：发现了什么?
Discussion（讨论）：这些发现意味着什么?
按照这个结构整体规划论文，有一个方法值得借鉴，即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的“概念图”。首先在一张大纸上（A3或A4纸，横放）写下文章题目（事先定好题目很重要），然后根据IMRaD的结构确定基本的段落主题，把他们写在不同的方框内。你可以记录任何你脑海中闪现的可以包括在该部分的内容，诸如段落标题、图表、需要进一步阐述的观点等等，把它们写在方框附近的圈内，并用箭头标示它们的所属方框。画概念图的阶段也是自由思考的阶段，在此过程中不必拘泥于细节。哪些东西需要包括进文章？还需要做哪些工作，是找到某文献的原文，还是补画一张图表，或者需要再查找某个参考文献？当你发现自己需要再加进一个段落时就在概念图中添加一个新框。如果你发现原来的顺序需作调整，那就用箭头标示新的顺序。绘制概念图的过程看似儿童游戏，但其意义重大，它可以给你自由思考的空间，并通过图示的方式记录你思维发展的过程。这便是写论文的第一步：从整体考虑文章结构，思考各种组织文章的方法，准备好所需的资料，随时记录出现的新想法。采用这个方法，不论正式下笔时是从哪一部分写起，都能够能做到大局不乱。
英文科技论文的基本格式包括：
Title-论文题目
Author(s)-作者姓名
Affiliation(s) and address(es)-联系方式
Abstract-摘要
Keywords-关键词
Body-正文
Acknowledgements-致谢，可空缺
References-参考文献
Appendix-附录，可空缺
Resume-作者简介，视刊物而定
其中正文为论文的主体部分，分为若干章节。一篇完整的科技论文的正文部分由以下内容构成：
Introduction-引言/概述
Materials and Methods-材料和方法
Results-结果
Discussion-讨论
Conclusions-结论/总结
下面对科技论文主要构成部分的写法和注意事项进行详细介绍。
1．Title（论文题目）
由于只有少数人研读整篇论文，多数人只是浏览原始杂志或者文摘、索引的论文题目。因此须慎重选择题目中的每一个字，力求做到长短适中，概括性强，重点突出，一目了然。论文题目一般由名词词组或名词短语构成，避免写成完整的陈述句。在必须使用动词的情况下，一般用分词或动名词形式。题目中介词、冠词小写，如果题目为直接问句，要加问号，间接问句则不用加问号。
具体写作要求如下：
（1）题目要准确地反映论文的内容。作为论文的“标签”，题目既不能过于空泛和一般化，也不宜过于繁琐，使人得不出鲜明的印象。为确保题目的含义准确，应尽量避免使用非定量的、含义不明的词，如“rapid”，“new”等；并力求用词具有专指性，如“a vanadium-iron alloy”明显优于“a magnetic alloy”。
（2）题目用语需简练、明了，以最少的文字概括尽可能多的内容。题目最好不超过10 ~ 12个单词，或100个英文字符（含空格和标点），如若能用一行文字表达，就尽量不要用2 行（超过2行有可能会削弱读者的印象）。在内容层次很多的情况下，如果难以简短化，最好采用主、副题名相结合的方法，主副题名之间用冒号（:）隔开，如：Importance of replication in microarray gene expression studies: statistical methods and evidence from repetitive CDNA hybridizations (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000, 97(18): 9834 ~ 9839)，其中的副题
名起补充、阐明作用，可起到很好的效果。
（3）题目要清晰地反映文章的具体内容和特色，明确表明研究工作的独到之处，力求简洁有效、重点突出。为表达直接、清楚，以便引起读者的注意，应尽可能地将表达核心内容的主题词放在题名开头。如The effectiveness of vaccination against in healthy, working adults (N Engl J Med, 1995, 333: 889-893)中，如果作者用关键词vaccination作为题名的开头，读者可能会误认为这是一篇方法性文章：How to vaccinate this population? 相反，用effectiveness作为题名中第一个主题词，就直接指明了研究问题：Is vaccination in this population effective? 题名中应慎重使用缩略语。尤其对于可有多个解释的缩略语，应严加限制，必要时应在括号中注明全称。对那些全称较长，缩写后已得到科技界公认的，才可使用。为方便二次检索，题名中应避免使用化学式、上下角标、特殊符号（数字符号、希腊字母等）、公式、不常用的专业术语和非英语词汇（包括拉丁语）等。
（4）由于题目比句子简短，并且无需主、谓、宾，因此词序就也变得尤为重要。特别是如果词语间的修饰关系使用不当，就会影响读者正确理解题目的真实含意。例如：Isolation of antigens from monkeys using complement-fixation techniques，可使人误解为“猴子使用了补体结合技术”。应改为：Using complement-fixation techniques in isolation of antigens from monkeys，即“用补体结合技术从猴体分离抗体”。
2．Author(s)（作者姓名）
按照欧美国家的习惯，名字(first name) 在前，姓氏(surname / family name / last name) 在后。但我国人名地名标准规定，中国人名拼写均改用汉语拼音字母拼写，姓在前名在后。因此，若刊物无特殊要求，则应按我国标准执行。如果论文由几个人撰写，则应逐一写出各自的姓名。作者与作者之间用空格或逗号隔开。例如: Wan Da, Ma Jun。
3．Affiliation(s) and address(es)（联系方式）
在作者姓名的下方还应注明作者的工作单位，邮政编码，电子邮件地址或联系电话等。要求准确清楚，使读者能按所列信息顺利地与作者联系。例如：
Neural Network-Based Adaptive Controller Design of Robotic Manipulators with an Observer
Sun Fuchun Sun Zengqi
Dept. of Computer Science and Technology, State Key Lab of Intelligent Technology & Systems
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R.China
Email:
也有刊物在论文标题页的页脚标出以上细节，在论文最后附上作者简介和照片。
4．Abstract（摘要）
摘要也称为内容提要，是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其作用主要是为读者阅读、信息检索提供方便。
摘要不宜太详尽，也不宜太简短，应将论文的研究体系、主要方法、重要发现、主要结论等，简明扼要地加以概括。
摘要的构成要素：
研究目的——准确描述该研究的目的，说明提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围和重要性。
研究方法——简要说明研究课题的基本设计，结论是如何得到的。
结果——简要列出该研究的主要结果，有什么新发现，说明其价值和局限。叙述要具体、准确并给出结果的置信值。
结论——简要地说明经验，论证取得的正确观点及理论价值或应用价值，是否还有与此有关的其它问题有待进一步研究，是否可推广应用等。
摘要的基本类型：
摘要主要有两大类：资料性摘要(informative abstract)，说明性摘要(descriptive abstract)，还有一种为二者的结合，称为结合型。一般刊物论文所附摘要都属于这两类。另有结构型的摘要，遵循一定的格式和套路，便于计算机检索。
说明性摘要——只向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究方法和结果。它一般适用于综述性文章，也用于讨论、评论性文章，尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多。
资料性摘要——适用于专题研究论文和实验报告型论文，它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容，特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等。这类摘要大体按介绍背景、实验方法和过程、结果与讨论的格式写。
结合型摘要——是以上两种摘要的综合，其特点是对原文需突出强调的部分做出具体的叙述，对于较复杂，无法三言两语概括的部分则采用一般性的描述。
结构性摘要——随着信息科学和电子出版物的发展，近年来又出现了一种新的摘要形式即结构性摘要。这类摘要先用短语归纳要点，再用句子加以简明扼要的说明，便于模仿和套用，能规范具体地将内容表达出来，方便审稿，便于计算机检索。
摘要的撰写要求：
（1）确保客观而充分地表述论文的内容，适当强调研究中创新、重要之处（但不要使用评价性语言）；尽量包括论文中的主要论点和重要细节（重要的论证或数据）。
（2）要求结构严谨、语义确切、表述简明、一般不分段落；表述要注意逻辑性，尽量使用指示性的词语来表达论文的不同部分（层次），如使用“We found that...”表示结果；使用“We suggest that...”表示讨论结果的含义等。
（3）排除在本学科领域方面已成为常识的或科普知识的内容；尽量避免引用文献，若无法回避使用引文，应在引文出现的位置将引文的书目信息标注在方括号内；不使用非本专业的读者尚难于清楚理解的缩略语、简称、代号，如确有需要（如避免多次重复较长的术语）使用非同行熟知的缩写，应在缩写符号第一次出现时给出其全称；不使用一次文献中列出的章节号、图、表号、公式号以及参考文献号。
（4）要求使用法定计量单位以及正确地书写规范字和标点符号；众所周知的国家、机构、专用术语尽可能用简称或缩写；为方便检索系统转录，应尽量避免使用图、表、化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号。
（5）摘要的长度：ISO规定，大多数实验研究性文章，字数在1000~5000字的，其摘要长度限于100~250个英文单词。
（6）摘要的时态：摘要所采用的时态因情况而定，应力求表达自然、妥当。写作中可大致遵循以下原则：①介绍背景资料时，如果句子的内容是不受时间影响的普遍事实，应使用现在式；如果句子的内容为对某种研究趋势的概述，则使用现在完成式。②在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时，如果采用“论文导向”，多使用现在式（如：This paper presents...）；如果采用“研究导向”，则使用过去式（如：This study investigated...）。③概述实验程序、方法和主要结果时，通常用现在式，如：We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing ...。④叙述结论或建议时，可使用现在式、臆测动词或may, should, could等助动词，如：We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have...。
（7）摘要的人称和语态：作为一种可阅读和检索的独立使用的文体，摘要一般只用第三人称而不用其他人称来写。有的摘要出现了“我们”、“作者”作为陈述的主语，这会减弱摘要表述的客观性，有时也会出现逻辑上讲不通。由于主动语态的表达更为准确，且更易阅读，因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态，国际知名科技期刊“Nature”，“Cell“等尤其如此。
5．Keywords（关键词）
关键词是为了满足文献标引或检索工作的需要而从论文中取出的词或词组。国际标准
篇三：英文科技论文写作模板
Research on Trigonometric Leveling
Freedu
School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University,Wuhan430079,China
E-mail:1111111111@qq.com
Abstract—As the total station trigonometric leveling can survey without the restrictions oftopography. So, we can use it to survey the third &fourth order level survey in some special areas.In this article, we propose a new total station measuring method from combining the defect of traditional measurementmethods. The advantages of this method is that it can improve the precision without measuring height of device and prism, and it caeplace the third and fourth level of measurement under certain conditions. This method can greatly improve efficiency and shortenthe project duration in the construction survey． Keywords- trigonometric leveling；total station；error analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
Engineering construction often relates to height measurement. Thetraditional measurement methods are leveling surveying andtrigonometry trigonometric leveling. Although the two methods have their own characteristics, but there are shortcomings.With the widespread use of the Total Station and using the track rod with the total station method to measure the elevation of the increasingly popular, traditional trigonometric leveling method has shown its limitations.After a long journey, a new trigonometric leveling method has been summed up.This approach combines the advantages of two traditional approaches to further improve the accuracy of the trigonometric leveling and tosurvey faster.
This article systematically expounds the principle of traditional trigonometric leveling methods and the new methods, compares their advantages and disadvantages, and analyses the main errors and measurement accuracy in the process of trigonometric leveling. II.
PRINCIPLE OF TRADITIONALTRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING
AND THENEW METHOD
The basic formula of the traditional trigonometric leveling:
HB?HA?Dtan??i?t(1)
whereHA is the elevation of a known point, HB is the elevation of the unknown point, D is the horizontal distance between the two points, ?is the vertical angle when observe from point A to point B,i is instrument height, t is the height of the prism.
For traditional methods, total station must be set up in the known elevation point. At the same time, you must measure out the height ofboth the instrument and the prism if you want to measure the elevation of the unknown points.
If we can measure the elevation of the measured point while set point of total station arbitrarily like leveling surveying, instead of set it on a known elevation point, and do not measure out instrument and prism,speed of measurement
will be faster. As shown in the figure 1, assuming that the elevation of the point A is known, the elevation of the point B is unknown, here we measurethe elevation of other points by total station.
Figure 1. Diagram for trigonometric leveling
Firstly, seen by trigonometric leveling principle:
HB?HA?(Dtan??i?t) (2)
wherei, t is unknown, but one thing is sure that once the instrument set, value ofi will remain unchanged.At the same time choose tracking lever as a reflecting prism, assume that the value of t is also fixed. Seen from formula (2),
HB?i?t?HA?Dtan??W (3)
By formula (3),the value of W will remain unchanged in any station. And while both HA and Dtan?are known, it is possible to calculate the value of W.
Operation of this new method is as follows:
Shown in Figure 2, elevation of point A is known, elevation of point B is unknown, and the instrument is set up at point C between A and B. The instruments sight point A to get the readingV1. That V1 =D1tan?1, and calculate the value of W, W = HA+D1tan?1. At this time related constants such as elevation of station, instrument height and prism height can beof any value, not necessary to set before measuring. And then set elevation of point Cto W, set the instrument height and prism height to 0. Then elevation of point C is known. Finally sight the target point B and measured its elevation, that is
HB?W?D2tan?2 (4)
Therefore, using the new method, elevation of point B is
HB?HA?D1tan?1?
D2tan?2(5)
Figure 2. Diagram for the new method
In summary, with the total station set at any point, at the
same time, not measuring the instrument height and prism height, we are still able to measure the elevation of the points to be measured. Andtheoretically, theresults can have higher precision than using traditional trigonometric leveling. Because it cuts downthe sourcesoferror. It is worth to note that, whilein the actual measurement, the prism height can also be changed according to the actual situation. Ifthe change of value of t can be recorded,we can calculatethe elevation of thepoints to be measured on the basis of measurements.
III. ACCURACY CONTROL OF TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING Usingthe new method of trigonometric leveling do not need to measure the instrument height and prism height,thus simplifying the measurement steps, and at the same time,reducing the sources of error, improving the observation precision.
2.1 Accuracy Analysis
Known from the above, theelevation difference between the point A and the unknown elevation point B is
HAB?D2tan?2?D1tan?1 (6)
Accuracy analysis below, for ease of differential, formula (6)
becomes
HAB?S2tan?2?S1tan?1 (7)
S1,S2are the slant range between the instrument and prisms, as
shown in figure 3.
Figure 3. Accuracy analysis of new trigonometric leveling method
Total differential of formula (7):
dH?(sin?1dS1?sin?2dS2)?(S1cos?1d?1?S2cos?2d?2)
1
?
?(sin?1
1dS1?sin?2dS2)?(D1d?1?D2d?2)
? (8)
The first is the height difference error caused by ranging error, while the second is the height difference error caused by vertical angle error, which, D1, D2 are the foresightand the backsight. According to the variance-covariance propagation
law, the formula (8) is converted into the formula of mean square error of elevation difference:
m2222H?(sin2?1ms1?sin2?2ms2)?(D21m?1?D22m21
?2)
?2 (9)
The line of sight close to equal before and after surveying process, meanwhile, if we keep the vertical angle unchanged, then we can assume
D1?D2?D,?1??2??,m1?m2?ms,m?1?m?2?m?
,
formula (9) can be simplified as below:
m22H?2sin?m2s?2D2m21
?
?2 (10)
Taking round trip measurement, mean square error of square
number of height difference for one station is m?H (11)
By formula of total error on leveling
M?
Total mean square error per kilometer
m??H (13)
where L is the range sum of foresight and backsight. 2.2 Accuracy Estimation
Following take total station which is frequently used in the engineering (nominal accuracy: angle ± 2 ", rang 2 mm ± 2 ppm) as an example. Estimating the accuracy of errors caused by direction and angle measurement,and accuracy ofmean square error of height difference, the results are shown in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.
As can be seen from the above analysis and calculation in the table, the error of height difference and error caused by vertical angle measurement approximated by a linear relationship. Takingdouble of mean error in Table 3.3 as the limit of the height difference measurement, taking the vertical angle of less than 25 °, meanwhile, line-of-sight being no more than 700m,comparing error per kilometer height difference
with the level of third-class geometric allowed:
M?6mm
mH?
5.87mm
m??14.2mm?2m?13.9mm
The result can meet the requirements of the Third Order Leveling.Under certain circumstances, this new method of leveling can take the place of Three&Four Order Leveling, particularly in the hills and mountains.
TABLE I.
ERROR CAUSED BY VERTICAL ANGLE MEASUREMENT
TABLE II.
ERROR CAUSED BY RANGE MEASUREMENT
Vertical Angle(゜) Range
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 3 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 5 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.31 10 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.56 0.59 0.63 15 0.57 0.62 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.93 20 0.75 0.82 0.89 0.96 1.03 1.09 1.16 1.23 25 0.93 1.01 1.1 1.18 1.27 1.35 1.44 1.52 30
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
TABLE III.
MEAN SQUARE ERROR OF HEIGHT DIFFERENCE
Vertical Angle(゜) Range(m)
100
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1 0.97 1.94 2.91 3.88 4.85 5.82 6.79 7.76 3 0.98 1.94 2.91 3.88 4.85 5.82 6.79 7.76 5 0.99 1.95 2.92 3.89 4.86 5.82 6.79 7.76 10 1.04 1.98 2.94 3.91 4.88 5.84 6.81 7.78 15 0.12 2.04 2.99 3.95
4.91 5.88 6.84 7.81 20 1.23 2.11 3.04 4 4.96 5.92 6.89 7.85 25 1.34 2.19 3.11 4.06 5.01 5.97 6.94
7.9 30
1.47
2.28
3.19
4.12
5.07
6.03
7
7.96
IV. CONCLUSION
By analysing the new method of trigonometric leveling and its error, we come to the following conclusions:
1) Using the new method of trigonometric leveling,we can
set the stations at any point, without measuring instrument height and prism height, thus surveying faster. 2) The new method does not requiremeasuring instrument
and prism height, so as to reduce the sources of error and improve accuracy. 3) During observation, total station is placed in the middle.
So it can effectively weaken or eliminate the curvature of the earth and atmospheric refraction, and, further improve the accuracy. 4) Using the new method of trigonometric leveling,we can
set the stations at any point,and at the same time we can observe without terraiestrictions, for which it’s particularly suitable for surveying and mapping in the hilly and mountainous areas.Undercertain conditions, it can take the place of Three&Four Order Levelingto improve the operating efficiency of observation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to mysupervisor, Dr. Huang, who has provided me with valuable guidance in every stage of the writing of thisthesis.
I shall extend my thanks to Mrs. Yin for all her kindness and help. I wouldalso like to thank all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamentaland essential academic competence.
Last but not least, I' d like to thank all my friends, especially my three lovely roommates, for their encouragement and support.
REFERENCES
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trigonometric leveling. Belletin of Surveyingand Mapping , (7) : 12~13. [2] Zhou S Q (1999) The trial of replacing second orderlevel surveying with
precise triangulated height surveying. WTUSM Bulletin of Science and Technology, (3): 25~29.
[3] Pan S Q (1999) Atmospheric vertical refraction correct ionfortriangular
altitude survey according to atmospheric temperature change rate. Journal of HohaiUniversity, 27( 5): 12~16.
[4] Jiang C G (1996) Thetheoretical studies and preliminary test on
accuratecalculation of precise trigonometric leveling. Surveying and Mapping of Sichuan , 19( 3) : 125~128.