老托阅读答案

时间：2017-03-16 来源：东星资源网本文已影响人手机版

老托阅读答案

PASSAGE 1 By the mid-nineteenth century, the term quot;icebox quot; had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The influence of ice on the diet (B) The development of refrigeration (C) The transportation of goods to market (D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century 2. According to the passage , when did the word quot;icebox quot; become part of the language of the United States? (A) in 1803 (B) sometime before 1850 BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 (C) during the civil war (D) near the end of the nineteenth century 3. The phrase quot;forward-looking quot; in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) progressive (B) popular (C) thrifty (D) well-established 4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because (A) many fish dealers also sold ice (B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars (C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice (D) fish was not part of the ordinary person"s diet before the invention of the icebox 5. The word quot;it quot; in line 5 refers to (A) fresh meat (B) the Civil War (C) ice (D) a refrigerator 6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox? (A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars (B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice (C) The use of insufficient insulation (D) Inadequate understanding of physics 7. The word quot;rudimentary quot; in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) growing (B) undeveloped (C) necessary (D) uninteresting 8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would (A) completely prevent ice from melting (B) stop air from circulating (C) allow ice to melt slowly (D) use blankets to conserve ice 9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been quot;on the right track quot; BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 (lines 18-19) to indicate that (A) the road to the market passed close to Moore"s farm (B) Moore was an honest merchant (C) Moore was a prosperous farmer (D) Moore"s design was fairly successful 10. According to the passage , Moore"s icebox allowed him to (A) charge more for his butter (B) travel to market at night (C) manufacture butter more quickly (D) produce ice all year round 11. The quot;produce quot; mentioned in line 25 could include (A) iceboxes (B) butter (C) ice (D) markets PASSAGE 2 The geology of the Earth"s surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth. Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level. The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs atmosphere, continent, and ocean we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents. A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors. 1. The word quot;modifying quot; in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) changing (B) traveling (C) describing (D) destroying 2. The word quot;which quot; in line 5 refers to (A) clouds (B) oceans (C) continents (D) compounds 3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water (A) precipitating onto the ground (B) changing from a solid to a liquid state (C) evaporating from the oceans (D) being carried by wind 4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the quot;hydrographic network quot; (line 8) is to (A) determine the size of molecules of water (B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding (C) move water from the Earth"s surface to the oceans (D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers 5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph? (A) The potential energy contained in water (B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds (C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents (D) The relative size of the water storage areas BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 6. The word quot;rapidity quot; in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) significance (B) method (C) swiftness (D) reliability 7. The word quot;they quot; in line 24 refers to (A) insoluble ions (B) soluble ions (C) soils (D) continents 8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT (A) magnesium (B) iron (C) potassium (D) calcium 9. The word quot;efficiency quot; in line 27 is closest in meaning to (A) relationship (B) growth (C) influence (D) effectiveness PASSAGE 3 The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects. Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800"s, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets" surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article. Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry. If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways. 1. What best distinguished Pomo baskets from baskets of other groups? (A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs (B) The unusual geometric (C) The absence of decoration (D) The rare materials used 2. The word quot;fashion quot; in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) maintain (B) organize (C) trade (D) create 3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT (A) shells (B) feathers (C) leaves (D) bark 4. What is the author"s main point in the second paragraph? (A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques. (B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region. (C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans. (D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations. BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 5. The word quot;others quot; in line 9 refers to (A) masters (B) baskets (C) pendants (D) surfaces 6. According to the passage , a weft is a (A) tool for separating sedge root (B) process used for coloring baskets (C) pliable maternal woven around the warp (D) pattern used to decorate baskets 7. According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets? (A) bullrush (B) willow (C) sedge (D) redbud 8. The word quot;article quot; in line 17 is close in meaning to (A) decoration (B) shape (C) design (D) object 9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between (A) bullrush and coiling (B) weft and warp (C) willow and feathers (D) sedge and weaving 10. The word quot;staples quot; in line 23 is closest in meaning to (A) combinations (B) limitations (C) accessories (D) basic elements 11. The word quot;distinct quot; in lime 26 is closest in meaning to (A) systematic (B) beautiful (C) different (D) compatible BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ? (A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people. (B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes. (C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people. (D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years. PASSAGE 4 The term quot;Hudson River school quot; was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860"s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870"s as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the quot;American quot;, quot;native quot;, or, occasionally, quot;New York quot; school the most representative school of American art in any genre had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school. The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson"s port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America"s first popular landscape artist, BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The National Academy of Design (B) Paintings that featured the Hudson River (C) North American landscape paintings (D) The training of American artists in European academies 2. Before 1870, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting? (A) Figural painting (B) Landscape painting (C) Impressionistic painting (D) Historical painting 3. The word quot;struggle quot; in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) connection (B) distance (C) communication (D) competition 4. The word quot;monopolized quot; in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) alarmed (B) dominated (C) repelled (D) pursued 5. According to the passage , what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835? (A) It mediated conflicts between artists. (B) It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques. (C) It determined which subjects were appropriate. (D) It supported their growth and development. 6. The word quot;it quot; in line 12 refers to (A) matter (B) technique (C) patronage BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 (D) country 7. The word quot;factions quot; in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) sides (B) people (C) cities (D) images 8. The word quot;flattering quot; in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) expressive (B) serious (C) complimentary (D) flashy 9. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training? (A) In Europe (B) In the Adirondacks (C) In Vermont (D) In New Hampshire PASSAGE 5 Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the environment the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay, and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resources may be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people choose to use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusive answers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved for ceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone or tree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material. What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rake sand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, even when the same material is used in the BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 same way by members of different societies, the form or style of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose to represent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the art of the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theological doctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society"s art may also reflect the culture"s social stratification. 1. According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are (A) more difficult to handle than wood and (B) of their stable social conditions (C) of the unique stylistic features of their art (D) available only in specific locations 2. The word quot;conclusive quot; in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) definitive (B) controversial (C) concurrent (D) realistic 3. The word quot;apparent quot; in line 8 is closest in meaning to (A) attractive (B) logical (C) evident (D) distinct 4. Why does the author mention the quot;supernatural powers of a stone or tree quot; in line 10? (A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials (B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials (C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs (D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs 5. The word quot;it quot; in line 13 refers to (A) realization (B) society (C) extent (D) influence 6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because (A) they influenced each other stone BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 (B) commonly used by artists in all societies (C) essential to create ceremonial objects (D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways 7. According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT (A) It is used to create glass. (B) Roman artists mix it into their paints. (C) Its use varies from culture to culture. (D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns. 8. The word quot;Moreover quot; in line 16 is closest in meaning to (A) similarly (B) in addition (C) in contrast (D) frequently 9. The word quot;preoccupation quot; in line 20 is closest in meaning to (A) involvement (B) separation (C) relationship (D) argument 10. The word quot;primary quot; in line 21 is closest in meaning to (A) discrete (B) preliminary (C) ideal (D) fundamental PASSAGE 6 Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed. Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass- or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent. The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making. The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash. In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts quot;to encourage the making of potash, quot; beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance. 1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss? (A) How it was made (B) Its value as a product for export (C) How it differs from other alkalis (D) Its importance in colonial North America 2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT: (A) They are alkalis. (B) They are made from sea plants. (C) They are used in making soap. (D) They are used in making glass. 3. They phrase quot;the latter quot; in line 4 refers to (A) alkali (B) glass (C) sand (D) soap 4. The word quot;stressed quot; in line 6 is closest in meaning to (A) defined (B) emphasized BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 (C) adjusted (D) mentioned 5. The word quot;interchangeable quot; in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) convenient (B) identifiable (C) equivalent (D) advantageous 6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial North America because (A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available (B) making potash required less time than making soda (C) potash was better than soda for making glass and soap (D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use 7. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT (A) wood (B) fire (C) sand (D) water 8. The word quot;adjunct quot; in line 22 is closest in meaning to (A) addition (B) answer (C) problem (D) possibility 9. According to the passage , a major benefit of making potash was that (A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods (B) it helped finance the creation of farms (C) it could be made with a variety of materials (D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking 10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problems for southern settles? (A) The softwoods were not very plentiful. (B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses. (C) The softwoods were not very marketable. (D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash. BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 PASSAGE 7 (20) As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation. Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items. Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants" side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods. One of the reasons Philadelphia"s merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their

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business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Philadelphia"s agriculture importance (B) Philadelphia"s development as a marketing center (C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia (D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia 2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because (A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets (B) the High Street Market was forced to close BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 (C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population (D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms. 3. The word quot;hinterland quot; in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) tradition (B) association (C) produce (D) region 4. The word quot;it quot; in line 6 refers to (A) the crowded city (B) a radius (C) the High Street Market (D) the period 5. The word quot;persisted quot; in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) returned (B) started (C) declined (D) continued 6. According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held (A) on the same day as market says (B) as often as possible (C) a couple of times a year (D) whenever the government allowed it 7. It can be inferred that the author mentions quot;Linens and stockings quot; in line 12 to show that they were items that (A) retail merchants were not willing to sell (B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia (C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia (D) could easily be transported 8. The word quot;eradicate quot; in line 15 is closest in meaning to (A) eliminate (B) exploit (C) organize (D) operate 9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that quot;economic development was on the merchants" side quot;? (A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion. BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 (B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper. (C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence (D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful. 10. The word quot;undergoing quot; in line 21 is closest in meaning to (A) requesting (B) experiencing (C) repeating (D) including PASSAGE 8 The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally. Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature. Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon"s face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands. Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many BBS.TPOOO.COM 淘宝旗舰店淘宝旗舰店 https://https://tpooo.taobaotpooo.taobao.com/.com/ 全国免费咨询全国免费咨询电话电话 400400- -000000- -61506150 small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inabili...