一、单选题:

　　1、 ：词汇选择(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分)

　　下面共有15句子，每个句子均有词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的四个选项中选择与划线意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡的位置上。

　　I notified (B级)him that the meeting had been postponed.

　　A) informed B) observed C) mocked D) misled

　　标准答案：a

　　2、 He emphasized a feasible (B级)plan which can be accepted by the both sides.

　　A)favorable B) possible

　　C)formal D)genuine

　　标准答案：b

　　3、 We should never content (B级)ourselves with only a little knowledge.

　　A) convince B)satisfy C) comfort D) benefit

　　标准答案：b

　　4、 We should contemplated (B级)the problem from all sides.

　　A) deliberated B)thought C) described D) designed

　　标准答案：a

　　5、 His new girlfriend had omitted (B级)to tell him that she was married.

　　A)failed B) deleted C) refused D) rejected

　　标准答案：a

　　6、 If you want my advice, you should revise (B级)your plan for the trip to Beijing.

　　A) change B)exchange C) enlarge D) encourage

　　标准答案：a

　　7、 He has a very outgoing personality (B级)and makes friends very easily.

　　A)capacity B) character

　　C) reality D)attitude

　　标准答案：b

　　8、 The room was furnished (B级)with the simplest essentials, a bed, a chair, and a table

　　A)supplied B) gathered

　　C)grasped D)made

　　标准答案：a

　　9、 His novel depicts (A级)an ambitious American.

　　A)writes B) sketches

　　C)describes D)indicates

　　标准答案：c

　　10、 Smoking is inhibited (A级)in public places.

　　A) instructed B)inquired C) forbidden D) strived

　　标准答案：c

　　11、 He is assigned to oversee (A级)the production of the assembly lines.

　　A)supervise B) watch

　　C)suspect D)predict

　　标准答案：a

　　12、 Soldiers have to obey (A级)orders.

　　A)reply to B) apply for

　　C)abide with D)comply with

　　标准答案：d

　　13、 Are you positive that there’s been no mistake?

　　A) rational B)reasonable C) certain D) bound (A级)

　　标准答案：c

　　14、 An exhaustive (A级)investigation of the facts proves the contrary.

　　A) exhausted B) tired C) thorough D) careful

　　标准答案：c

　　15、 He resented(A级) being called a foreigner.

　　A)hated B) enjoyed C) annoyed D) shocked

　　标准答案：a

　　二、匹配题:

　　：阅读判断(每题1分，共七分)

　　阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请短文的内容对每个句子判断。该句的是信息，请在答题卡上把A涂黑;该句的是错误信息，请在答题卡上把B涂黑;该句的信息文章中提及，请在答题卡上把C涂黑。

　　Bill gates: Unleashing your creativity

　　I’ve always been an optimists and I suppose that is rooted in my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the world a better place.

　　For as long as I can remember, I’ve loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a chunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today. But it changed my life.

　　When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of “a computer on every desk and in every home,” which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world. And they have.

　　And after 30 years, I’m still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.

　　I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness – to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldn’t solve on their own.

　　Computers have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of the world’s knowledge. They’re helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.

　　Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it “tap-dancing to work”. My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but what makes me “tap-dancing to work” is when we show people something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetime’s worth of photos, and they say, “I didn’t know you could do that with a PC!”

　　But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world. There are still far too many people in the world whose most basic needs go unmet. Every year, for example, millions of people die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world.

　　I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world. My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible.

　　As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than the death pf a child anywhere else, and that it doesn’t take much to make an immense difference in these children’s lives.

　　I’m still very much an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the world’s toughest problems is possible – and it’s happening every day. We’re seeing new drugs for deadly diseases, new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world.

　　I’m excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, we’re going to make some amazing in all these area in my life. (563 words)

　　1. A computer was as big as an icebox when Bill Gates was a high school student.

　　A. right B. wrong C. not mentioned

　　2. Bill Gates has been dreaming of the popularity of computers for his lifetime.

　　A. right B. wrong C. not mentioned

　　3. Bill Gates compares his hard work on a PC to “tap-dancing to work” .

　　A. right B. wrong C. not mentioned

　　4. To Bill Gates’mind, there is a big difference between the death of the poor’s children and the death of the rich’s children.

　　A. right B. wrong C. not mentioned

　　标准答案：A,A,B,B

　　解　　析：1.A. 细节题。文章第2段中的答案句说“30年以前的计算机大小如冰箱”， 文章第3段可推断出“30年以前 Bill Gates应该在上7年级”， 综合这两信息可知“ 在Bill Gates上7年级的时候， 计算机象冰箱那么大”。7年级正好是在美国上中学的时候， 问题句的内容与文章中内容。

　　2.A. 细节题。 该题的答案句在第3段。 文章第3段的内容可以推断出bill gates 在30年以前期待计算机的普及， 文章第5段的内容可以推断出Bill Gates 现在仍然相信计算机其独特的功能受到人们的欢迎。 问题句了的信息。

　　3.B. 细节题。从第7段中可以看出当比尔盖茨给人们展示计算机的新成就时， 他感到像是跳着踢踏舞去工作。 问题句的信息。

　　4.B. 细节题。 在文章第10段(倒数第3段)中比尔盖茨地说“非洲儿童的夭折与任何地方的儿童的夭折一样， 悲剧， 都令人感到悲痛”， 由此可见穷人孩子的死亡与富人孩子的死亡之间并大的差异。

　　补充：

　　no + 形容词/副词级 than... == as 形容词/副词的反义词 as...

　　e.g. He is no clever(更聪明的) than I = He is as stupid(愚蠢的) as I.

　　17、 5. So far Bill Gates has contributed several dozen billion dollars to the charities.

　　A. right B. wrong C. not mentioned

　　6. Bill Gates and his wife consider it their duty to help the poor better their health and education as much as possible.

　　A. right B. wrong C. not mentioned

　　7. Bill Gates will leave only a small portion of his wealth for his children.

　　A. right B. wrong C. not mentioned

　　标准答案：C,A,C

　　解　　析：5. C。 细节题。问题句中的特征结构several dozen billion dollars和细节信息词charities答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句。结果这两个线索结构在文章中均直接或间接地， 由此可见问题句的内容在文章中被提及。

　　6.A. 细节题。依据文章倒数第4段和倒数第5段的内容可知“比尔盖茨和他的妻子致力于帮助最多的穷人的健康和教育情况”， 这与问题句的内容。

　　7.C. 细节题。 问题句中的细节信息结构a small portion of his wealth 和his children 答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句, 结果这两个线索结构在文章中均直接或间接地， 由此可见问题句的内容在文章中被提及。

　　：概括大意与句子(每题1分，共8分)

　　阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1---4 题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2--5 段每段选择1个的小标题;(2)第5--8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个的选项，分别每个句子。请将答案涂在答题卡的位置上。

　　More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing

　　Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known，new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.

　　Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep，as well as a number of other sleep problems，than people who sleep 8 hours a night.People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night’s sleep than 8-hour sleepers.

　　These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night’s rest may not need to set aside。more than 8 hours a night.He added that“it might be a good idea'’for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.

　　Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep一for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.

　　For the current report，Kripke reviewed the responses of 1，004 adults to sleep questionnaires，in which participants indicated how much they slept during the Week and whether they experienced any sleep problems.Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night，arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep，and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning.

　　KriDke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours.In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed.As evidence，he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed.“It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they’ll spend a higher percentage of time awake.”he said.

　　1. Paragraph 2 ___.

　　2. Paragraph 4___.

　　3. Paragraph 5___.

　　4. Paragraph 6___.

　　A. Keprike’s research tool

　　B. Dangers of Habitual shortages of sleep

　　C. Criticism on Kripke’s report

　　D. A way of overcoming insomnia

　　E. Sleep problems of long and short sleepers

　　F. Classification of sleep problems

　　标准答案：E,B,A,D

　　解　　析：1. E： Investigators ...found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling, than...该句回应了文章的主题—睡眠太长好事;对应被选项E和F与内容系，但段落最后一句中又提到了睡眠的人的问题，判断E是答案(睡眠长和睡眠短的人所面临的睡眠问题)。

　　2。B.分析：段落的结构-- Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep一for instance..表明了该段的中心是讲述“长期睡眠的潜在危险”

　　3. A. 分析：该段落答案的选择的迷惑性，A和F容易干扰项，但段落中提到的“睡眠问题”是属于问卷上要回答的内容，是和Keprike的直接，判断A是答案。猜测F是干扰项

　　4. D： 段落中的Kripke found， Kripke noted和he added表明“Kripke的观点和应该是该段的中心”，对比被选项排除C(段落中批评的话语)和F(段落中提到睡眠问题的)，而段落最后第2句提到了克服失眠的方法—少花在床上，与D呼应。

　　19、 5.To get a good night’s rest，people may not need to ___.

　　6.Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to___.

　　7. One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night，unable to___.

　　8. One survey showed that people who habitually ___each night have a higher risk of dying.

　　A fall asleep again

　　B become more energetic the following day

　　C sleep less than 7 hours

　　D confirm those serious consequences

　　E suffer sleep problems

　　F sleep more than 8 hours

　　标准答案：F,E,A,C

　　解　　析：5.F.分析：搭配结构need to do sth.判断所有选项都在语法上合适。借助搭配句意：“晚上好的休息，人们必要。。”判断F(睡眠超过8小时)。

　　6.E.分析：借助搭配句意：“睡眠长的人报道更有。。”，并文章主题—睡眠长好事情，判断E合适。也可借助文章中的内容(题干中的Long sleepers和more likely 答案线索)：Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours.

　　7.A. 分析：借助搭配句意：“的睡眠问题是在午夜醒来，。。”，直接判断A(入睡)合适。

　　8.C.分析：借助搭配句意：“一项调查显示那些习惯性每晚...的人有更高的死亡风险。”

　　：阅读理解(每题3分，共45分)

　　下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡的位置上。

　　第1篇

　　Eating potatoes gives your immune system a boost

　　Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health, but also for the whole immune system, especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold. In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS)1 not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged.

　　The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.2 The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.

　　In what was the longest study of its kind, pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. “The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch”, said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,3 Spain.

　　Humans do not eat raw potatoes, but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch, such as cold boiled potatoes, legumes, grains, green bananas, pasta and cereals. About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch - starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments. Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).4

　　Immunology expert Lena Ohman’s team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients, but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut, which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting, and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in IBS patients. Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine, Goteborg University, Sweden.5 The study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry, the magazine of the SCI.6

　　1.What a form of potato is the most nutrient to the human body?

　　A) Potato soup.

　　B) Potato cake.

　　C) Potato salad.

　　D) Hot boiled potato.

　　2. What does the reduction in leucocyte levels in the body mean?

　　A) It may mean the reduced levels of inflammation.

　　B) It may mean somewhere in the body is inflamed.

　　C) It means that the body is challenged.

　　D) It means that the body cannot produce leucocytes any more.

　　3. For what a purpose did the researchers use raw potato starch in their experiment?

　　A)They wanted to observe how the leucocyte levels reduced in the experimental pigs?

　　B)They wanted to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch.

　　C)They wanted to see how much potato an experimental pig ate every day.

　　D)They wanted to see how much body weight each experimental pig gained in the end.

　　4. All of the following foods are rich in resistant starch EXCEPT __________.

　　A) Pasta

　　B) Grains

　　C) Legumes

　　D) Vegetables

　　5.What a kind of starch is resistant starch after all?

　　A)It may cause irritable bowel syndrome.

　　B) It may bring about at least partially inflammatory disorder.

　　C) It may raise leucocyte and lymphocyte levels in the body.

　　D) It cannot be digested in the small intestine and ferments in the large intestine.

　　标准答案：C,A,B,D,D

　　解　　析：1.C. 细节题。 问题句中以最高级的的修饰结构及细节信息结构(the most nutrient, human body)及被选项中的细节信息词(A: soup; B: cake; C: salad; D: boiled potato)答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　(段)Eating potatoes is not only(...而且...) good for(对...有益) bowel(肠) health(健康), but also for the whole(所，整个的) immune (免疫的)system(系统), especially() when they come(来， ) in the form of (以...的)a potato salad or eaten cold(冷的，不热情的， 感冒). In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS)1 not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged.

　　答案句说，“吃土豆有益于肠道健康，而且对整个免疫系统也有益，是吃土豆色拉，等土豆凉下来的时候吃”，C是答案。

　　2. A。 细节题。 问题句中的细节信息词(leucocyte)及被选项中的细节信息词和修饰词(A：inflammation, B: inflamed; d: leucocyte)答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　(题答案句)Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health, but also for the whole immune system, especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold. In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS)1 not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged.

　　The general down-regulation(下调)(与问题句中的核心词reduction词义) of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.2 The reduction in leucocyte (白细胞)levels (结构是问题句中的核心结构)was about 15 percent(百分之...). Lower(较低的) lymphocyte levels are also indicative of(显示) reduced(的) levels() of inflammation(炎症), but the observed(被观察到的) reduction in both lymphocyte(淋巴细胞) density(密度) and lymphocyte(淋巴细胞) apoptosis(细胞自然死亡) is surprising(令人感到吃惊的).

　　答案句(段句)说“淋巴细胞低显示炎症下降”，故其它B、C、D三个选项均不。

　　3.B. 细节题。问题句中的细节信息结构(raw potato starch)及被选项中的细节信息词(A: leucocyte, B: resistant starch; C: experimental pig; D: body weight)答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.2 The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent.(第2题的答案句) Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.

　　(第3段)In what was the longest study of its kind, pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. “The use of raw(加工的) potato starch(淀粉) in this experiment(实验) is designed to (被设计用于...)simulate(模仿) the effects() of a diet high in resistant starch”, said study leader(与问题句中的核心结构/者呼应)(者) Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,3 Spain(西班牙)

　　答案句(第3段第2句)引用了组人的话， 该句说：“在实验中使用未经加工的土豆淀粉，模拟富含耐久淀粉的饮食所起的作用”，其它A、C、D三个选项文章均提及。

　　4.D. 细节题。 问题句中的细节信息结构(resistant starch )及被选项中的细节信息词(黑体词 )答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　In what was the longest study of its kind, pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. (第3题答案句)“The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch”, said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,3 Spain.

　　(第4段)Humans do not eat raw(加工的) potatoes, but they do eat (的确吃)a lot of (的)foods that contain(含有， 容纳) resistant starch, such as (例如)cold(凉的) boiled(煮熟的) potatoes, legumes(豆类), grains(谷物), green bananas(香蕉), pasta (意大利面食)and cereals(谷类食品). About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch - starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments. Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).4

　　答案句(第4段第1句)列出了富含耐久淀粉的食品，就D项“蔬菜”。

　　5.D. 细节题。 问题句及被选项中的细节信息结构(黑体结构)答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　(第4题答案句)Humans do not eat raw potatoes, but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch, such as cold boiled potatoes, legumes, grains, green bananas, pasta and cereals. About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch - starch that is not digested(消化) in the small intestine and so is shunted(被搁置到...) into the large intestine(大肠) where it ferments(发酵).Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).4

　　答案句(第4段倒数第2句)解释了耐久淀粉的特点：“在小肠中消化，而是分流到大肠，在大肠中发酵”。

　　第2篇

　　Find Yourself Packing It On? Blame Friends

　　Obesity can spread from person to person, much like a virus, researchers are reporting today. When one person gains weight, close friends tend to gain weight, too.

　　Their study, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, involved a detailed analysis of a large social network of 12,067 people who had been closely followed for 32 years, from 1971 to 2003.

　　The investigators knew who was friends with whom as well as who was a spouse or sibling or neighbor, and they knew how much each person weighed at various times over three decades. That let them reconstruct what happened over the years as individuals became obese. Did their friends also become obese? Did family members? Or neighbors?

　　The answer, the researchers report, was that people were most likely to become obese when a friend became obese. That increased a persons chances or becoming obese by 57 percent. There was no effect when a neighbor gained or lost weight，however, and family members had less influence than friends.

　　It did not even matter if the friend was hundreds of miles away, the influence remained. And the greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends. There, if one became obese, the other had a 171 percent increased chance of becoming obese, too.

　　The same effect seemed to occur for weight loss, the investigators say. But since most people were gaining, not losing, over the 32 years, the result was, on average, that people grew fatter.

　　Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, a physician and professor of medical sociology at Harvard Medical School and a principal investigator in the new study, said one explanation was that friends affected each others’ perception of fatness. When a close friend becomes obese, obesity may not look so bad.

　　“You change your idea of what is an acceptable body type by looking at the people around you,” Dr. Christakis said.

　　The investigators say their findings can help explain why Americans have become fatter in recent years – each person who became obese was likely to drag along some friends!

　　Their analysis was unique, Dr. Christakis said, because it moved beyond a simple analysis of one person and his or her social contacts and instead examined an entire social network at once, looking at how a person's friend's friends, or influence on a person's weight or a spouse's sibling's friends, could have an influence on a person’s weight.

　　The effects, he said, “highlight the importance of contagion, that spreads through the network.”

　　Of course, the investigators say, social networks are not the only factors that affect body weight. There is a strong genetic component at work, too.

　　Science has shown that individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights, spanning perhaps 30 or so pounds for each person. But that leaves a large role for the environment in determining whether a person’s weight is near the top of his or her range or near the bottom. As people have gotten fatter, it appears that many are edging toward the top of their ranges. The question has been why.

　　If the new research is correct, it may say that something in the environment seeded what some call an obesity epidemic, making a few people gain weight. Then social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.

　　1. Who had the greatest influence on people who became obese?

　　A. their friends

　　B. their neighbors

　　C. their family members

　　D. their colleagues

　　2. Which of the following statement about a friend's influence is false according to the report?

　　A. Friends had more influence than family members on people who became obese.

　　B. Even if the friend lives far away, the influence still remained

　　C. People were not likely to lose weight when they have skinny friends.

　　D. The greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends.

　　3. According to Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, what is the explanation for friends being the greatest influence?

　　A. Friends usually spend a lot of time together.

　　B. Friends share similar eating habits.

　　C. Friends are more important than family members.

　　D. Friends affected each others’ feelings of fatness

　　4. Which factor of becoming obese is not mentioned in this report?

　　A. social contact

　　B. genetic information

　　C. life style

　　D. environmental influence

　　5. In what way is obesity contagious and epidemic?

　　A. social networks let the obesity spread rapidly

　　B. individuals have genetically determined rages of weights.

　　C. Obesity can easily spread from one to another within any physical contact

　　D. Obesity can spread rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time.

　　标准答案：A,C,D,C,A

　　解　　析：1.A. 该题可文章主题(文章标题内容)“你变胖了， 你应该责怪你的朋友们”直接判断答案。 也可以依据文章中的内容判定答案：备选项中的细节信息词(A：friends; B: neighbors; C: family members; D: colleagues)答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　(题答案句)(第4段)The answer(答案), the researchers(者) report(报告), was that people were most likely to (很...)become obese(肥胖的) when a friend (朋友)became obese. That increased() a person’s chances of (...的机会/性)becoming obese by (了)57 percent(百分之). There was no effect(influence的近义词)(， ) when a neighbor gained or lost weight(增肥或减肥)，however(然而), and family members had less (较少的， 不太，不(如))influence() than friends.

　　答案句(段)说“提到者，当周围朋友发福时，人最容易发胖.而邻居则不会对人产生，甚至家庭的也不如朋友大。而关于同事的内容，文章中并提到。

　　2.C. 可以借助文章主题或接着解答上一题所的信息直接判断C错误。 也可以借助文章中的内容判断答案：

　　(题答案句)The answer, the researchers report, was that people were most likely to become obese when a friend became obese. That increased a persons chances or becoming obese by 57 percent. There was no effect when a neighbor gained or lost weight，however, and family members had less influence than friends.

　　(题答案句)It did not even(甚至) matter(系。 事情， 物质)if (， )the friend was hundreds of miles away(在远处， 到远处), the influence remained(). (与选项B内容)And the greatest influence of all was between close (亲密的)mutual(的) friends(与选项D内容). There, if one became obese, the other had a 171 percent increased chance of becoming obese, too.

　　A选项说的是“朋友产生的大于庭”，该选项内容与题答案句内容; B选项的， 第五段句话提到，即使朋友远在千里之外，仍然：第五段句特合D选项的愈思：那些关系亲密的朋友产生的最大。C不。

　　3.D. 问题句中的特征词(Nicholas A. Christakis)答案线索， 备选项B中的典型细节信息结构(eating habits)答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句

　　(第2题答案句)(第5段)It did not even matter if the friend was hundreds of miles away, the influence remained. And the greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends. There, if one became obese, the other had a 171 percent increased chance of becoming obese, too.

　　(第6段)The same effect seemed to occur for weight loss, the investigators say. But since most people were gaining, not losing, over the 32 years, the result was, on average, that people grew fatter.

　　(第7段)Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, a physician(医生) and(兼) professor (教授)of medical(医学的) sociology(社会学) at Harvard Medical School(哈佛医学院)and a principal(主要的， 校长， 人) investigator(调查人) in the new study(), said one explanation (问题句中的核心词)was that friends affected() each others(彼此)’ perception(理解)(perception是feeling的近义词) of fatness(肥胖). When a close friend (亲密的朋友)becomes obese, obesity may not look so bad.

　　答案句(第七段句)涉及到了Dr. Nicholas A. Christakia的解释：朋友之间肥胖的感知是互相的。D是答案。

　　4.C. 备选项中的细节信息结构(A：social contact; B: genetic information; C: life style; D: environmental influence)答案线索，在文章中查找答案句：

　　(第7段/第3题答案句)Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, a physician and professor of medical sociology at Harvard Medical School and a principal investigator in the new study, said one explanation was that friends affected each others’ perception of fatness. When a close friend becomes obese, obesity may not look so bad.

　　“You change your idea of what is an acceptable body type by looking at the people around you,” Dr. Christakis said.

　　(第12段)Of course(当然), the investigators(调查者) say, social networks (人际关系网)(与选项A中的social contact/社会接触呼应)are not the only(唯一的， 仅仅) factors (问题句中的核心词)that affect body weight(体重). There is a strong(强烈的， 强大的， 浓的) genetic (遗传的)component(成分) at work(在工作， 起作用), too(也， 太).

　　答案段(第十二段)提到了遗传因素和社会接触(人际关系网的)对体重的作用和。 间接地隐含了环境因素对人的体重起要的作用。至于C(生活)，文中并提到。

　　5. A. 问题句中的修饰词(contagious, epidemic ) 答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　(倒数第4段)The effects(), he said, “highlight(强调， ) the importance(性) of contagion(传染， 传染病), that spreads(蔓延) through the network.”

　　(最后一段) If the new research() is correct(的), it may say(说) that something in the environment(环境) seeded (种子， 播种)what some call(称呼) an obesity (肥胖)epidemic(流行病 )， making a few people gain weight(体重). Then(然后) social networks (人际交际网)let the obesity spread rapidly.

　　答案句(文章最后一段)直接说明了“人际关系网”是肥胖流行病蔓延的主要原因， A是答案。

　　第3篇

　　Kidney disease and heart disease spur each other

　　Hearts and kidneys; If one’s diseased, better keep a close eye on' the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction，too

　　The work, from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $ 25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks. “The average patients knows their cholesterol,” says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.”

　　Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.

　　And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidney disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn’t widely known. Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys, and for better care of early kidney disease.

　　The link sounds logical. After all , high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors' both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond' those risk factors, stresses McCullough; Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn'' accelerates disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls "a shockingly age. " McCullough and colleagues tracked more than 37, 000 relatively young people -rage age 53 - who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked: The rate at which kidneys filter blood, called the GFR or glomerular filtration rate" t; levels of the protein albumin in the urine; and if they were anemic. They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.

　　The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the striking markers were worsened. More striking was the death data. At this age, few deaths are people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere 2 1/2 years, mostly from heart problems. “This study is very much a wake-up call,” McCullough says.

　　1. How can one learn earlier whether he or she suffer simmering kidney disease?

　　A By cholesterol checks.

　　B By urine and blood tests.

　　C By keeping a close eye on one's kidneys.

　　D By measuring the volume of urine output.

　　2. How many Americans suffer chronic kidney disease according to an estimation?

　　A 19,000,000 B 400,000 C 50,000 D 37, 000

　　3. How many Americans suffered end-stage kidney failure and required dialysis or a transplant to survive twenty years ago according to an estimation?

　　A 400,000. B 300,000. C 200,000. D 100，000.

　　4. What did the Archives of Internal Medicine call for doctors caring for heart patients to do?

　　A To examine their patients' heart function carefully.

　　B To have their patients' chests X-rayed regularly.

　　C To select volunteers from their patients for a kidney screening.

　　D To start rigorously checking out their patients' kidneys.

　　5. Which of the following is NOT one of the three markers of kidney function?

　　A Levels of the protein albumin in the urine.

　　B Levels of the white blood cells in the blood.

　　C The rate at which kidneys filter blood.

　　D. whether one is anemic or not

　　标准答案：B,A,D,D,B

　　解　　析：1.B.问题句中的细节信息结构及备选项中的细节信息结构(simmering kidney disease, cholesterol checks, urine an blood tests, keeping a close eye on one’s kidneys, measuring the volume of urine output)答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　Hearts and kidneys; If one’s diseased, better keep a close eye on the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction，too

　　(第2段)The work, from two studies() involving(包括) over 50,000 patients(病人), promises(承诺， 有希望) to boost(， ) efforts(努力) to diagnose(诊断) simmering kidney disease earlier. All it (考点词)takes(采用) are urine and blood tests that cost (花费)less than (少于) $ 25, something (提议者)want to become as routine(常规的) as cholesterol checks. “The average patients knows their cholesterol,” says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.”

　　第2段第1句和第2句说， 加速慢性肾病的诊断所使用的方法尿检和学检， 选项B为答案。

　　2.A. 问题句中的细节信息结构(chronic kidney disease)及备选项中的数字答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　(题答案句)The work, from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $ 25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks. “The average patients knows their cholesterol,” says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.”

　　Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet(安静的) epidemic(流行病), many of the 19 million Americans estimated(估计) to have(患) it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.

　　第3段段首句说：在估计患有慢性病肾病的1，900万美国人中人不知道患有该病， 选项A是答案。

　　3.D. 问题句中的细节信息结构(end-stage kidney failure, twenty years ago)及备选项中的数字答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　(第2题答案句)Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising(，上升) fast, with 400,000 people requiring(要求) dialysis (透析)or transplant(移植) to survive, a toll(数字) that has doubled(翻倍， 使加倍) in each of (每个的)the last(的) two decades(10年).

　　第3段最后一句说“中晚期肾衰竭迅速发展，有40万人需要肾透析或肾移植才能生存下来， 数字是在近20年中每年翻一番而的”， 由此可计算出20年以前患肾衰竭的病人人数为40万/4 = 10万。

　　4.D. 问题句中的特征结构(Archives of Internal Medicine)答案线索， 在文章中查找答案句：

　　Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged.(第3题答案句) End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.

　　And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidney disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn’t widely known. Indeed(的确，确实), the new research() is highlighted (使)in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for (要求)doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously (地)checking out (检查)the kidneys, and for better care of (照顾， 检查)early(早期的) kidney disease(疾病 ).

　　第4段最后一句说“《内科档案》杂志号召为心脏病人治病的医生要开始地检查病人的肾”， D是答案。

　　5.B. 问题句中的涉及到数字的细节信息结构(three markers of kidney function)答案线索， 关注备选项中的词语/结构在答案线索结构所在的语句中， 或答案线索结构所在的周边的语句中了：

　　And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidney disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn’t widely known.(第4题答案句) Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys, and for better care of early kidney disease.

　　The link sounds logical. After all , high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors' both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond' those risk factors, stresses McCullough; Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn'' accelerates disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls "a shockingly age. " McCullough and colleagues tracked more than 37, 000 relatively young people -rage age 53 - who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked(检查): The rate at which kidneys filter(渗透) blood, called (被称为...的)the GFR or glomerular filtration rate" t; levels(含量) of the protein albumin (白蛋白)in the urine; and if they were anemic(贫血的). They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.

　　文章倒数第2段中第2句可以直接判定答案。 选项B在该句中。

　　第五：补全短文(每题2分，共10分)

　　阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放会文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案涂在答题卡的位置。

　　The Arctic Ice is Thawing

　　Father Christmas may have to move his “workshop” from the North Pole because global warming is thawing the ice beneath his feet and his reindeers' feet as well. His “workshop” is in dire straits. The “platform” for the “workshop” is melting, said Stefan Norris of the World Wildlife Fund environmental group's Arctic Program.

　　An eight-nation report by 250 scientists published recently predicted the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free in summer by 2100 because of a build-up of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, mainly from burning fossil fuels in cars or factories. The North Pole is getting more and more inhabitable to Father Christmas. ___1___. Young people learn that Father Christmas' “workshop” produces millions of gifts delivered by him on a flying, reindeer-drawn sleigh. Hollywood movies like "The Polar Express" tried to make viewers believe that Father Christmas lives at the North Pole. ___2___.

　　The "Fortress of Solitude" is near the North Pole that could be under threat in a warmer world. Alan Boldt, spokesman of the Danish Ministry of Science, suggested ways to rescue Father Christmas. ___3___. Another alternative, he argued, would be building some electrical facilities to ensure the ice stays on the North Pole for him. "This should be a subject for the United Nations," he said. “Danmark could build windmills to provide Father Christmas with power." Denmark says Father Christmas’s real home is Greenland, which will help, Denmark thinks, to strengthen its position in claiming the sovereignty over the Pole. ___4___.

　　"Doesn't he already speak Danish?" Boldt said frostily when asked if Father Christmas would be forced to learn Danish if Denmark won international recognition of its claim to the Pole. Last month's Arctic report said the region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the globe, partly because dark ground or water, once uncovered, soaks up more heat than ice or snow. Finland has been most favored by Father Christmas and it has about 500,000 tourists a year to visit its Christmas center in Rovaniemi in Lapland6. ___5___.

　　A.However, Nordic nations all reject it by claiming that their countries are his home.

　　B.Therefore the North Pole is the most attractive place in the world.

　　C.If Denmark’s claim were accepted internationally, it would have the legal right to search for oil and gas at the North Pole.

　　D.One of them would be building a giant floating ice rink for the workshop if the Pole thaws.

　　E.Maybe Father Christmas has already moved to Rovaniemi.

　　F.He may have to move from the North Pole within our children's lifetimes.

　　标准答案：F,A,D,C,E

　　解　　析：1. F “空1” 前面两个句子讲的是，受全球气候变暖的，北极的冰正在融化，估计到2100年夏天北极将无冰的世界。北极越来越不适合圣诞老人居住了。于是，读者或许会猜想，种情况下，圣诞老人该怎么办呢?选项 F 说， “He may have to move from the North Pole within our children's lifetimes”，其意思与上文得天衣无缝，北极住不下去了，只能移居他处。 F 是答案。

　　2. A “空2”前面一句说，好莱坞电影 “极地快车”想让观众相信圣诞老人的故乡在北极。下面该填呢?选项A说， “However, Nordic nations all reject it by claiming that their countries are his home”，北欧不同意说法，都声称的才是圣诞老人的故乡。意思和上文配得上，但意思正好相反。 ，“空2”句子的句首用 however 与前一句接起来。A 是答案。

　　3. D “空3”前面一句说，丹麦科学部发言人拯救圣诞老人的几个办法。 “空3”的内容应该涉及的拯救办法。选项 D 符合要求。D 说办法是：北极的冰融化，就人工造个浮冰场地，上面可以承载圣诞老人的工场。 从上下文意思的连接上，从 one of them (指代前一句的 ways) 的用词上，都可以，D 是答案。

　　4. C 选项 C 的句子一开始就用 “Denmark’s claim”重复“空4”前面一句的 “claiming (to the sovereignty over the Pole)”，从词汇重复上，可以判断，填入“空4”的句子应该是 选项 C 的句子。再从意思上分析一下。丹麦，说圣诞老人的故乡是格陵兰有助于丹麦声称拥有北极的主权的地位。选项 C 说，丹麦的要求国际社会认可的话，它就拥有合法的权利去勘测北极的石油和天然气。上下文意思是连贯的， C 是答案。

　　5. E “空5”前面一句说，“ Finland has been most favored by Father Christmas and it has about 500,000 tourists a year to visit its Christmas center in Rovaniemi in Lapland”。当看到 选项 E 中重复 Rovaniemi，就知道 “空5”的位置上应该是选项 E 的句子。圣诞老人如此眷顾 Rovaniemi，每年约有50万游客来参观 Rovaniemi 的圣诞中心。E 的句子说 “Maybe Father Christmas has already moved to Rovaniemi (说不定圣诞老人移居罗瓦涅米了) ”，是对前一句 “眷顾”的颇有风趣的总结，对与“空1”的句子 “He may have to move from the North Pole within our children's lifetimes” 遥相呼应。选项 E 是本题的答案。

　　第6：完型填空 (每题1分，共15分)

　　阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，并涂在答题卡的位置上。

　　The placebo effect

　　Placebo is a Latin word. It means “I shall please”. And sometimes it just might. When scientists want to test a new drug, they usually divide a large number of people __1__ two groups. One group takes the medicine, the other takes a substance __2__ as a placebo. It may contain nothing more than sugar. The people do not know which pill they are taking, the active one or the inactive one. In this kind of experiment, the medicine must perform __3__ than the placebo to prove it is effective.

　　Yet, people who take a placebo, sometimes experience improvements in their health. This is known as “the placebo effect”—the effect of something __4__ is not supposed to have any effect.

　　Some doctors even use the placebo effect in their treatments. They might tell patients that a new drug will stop their pain. The patient does not know that the pills are __5__. The patient __6__ the pills and later tells the doctor that the pain is gone.

　　Now research in Sweden suggests that placebo treatments can also __7__ the emotional effects of unpleasant experiences. The effects in the brain were similar to those seem when placebos have been used to ease pain. The researchers say that in both cases expectations of improvement are a major __8__ on the effectiveness of placebos. The new study involved a group of people who looked at unpleasant pictures, __9__ images of dead bodies. Predrag Petrovic of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm led the study. The findings appeared in the publication Neuron.

　　An influential study on placebos appeared in 1955. It said treatment with a placebo __10__ patients feel better 35% of the time. But in 2001, Danish researchers reported that they had examined more than 100 studies. They found __11__ evidence of healing as a result of placebos.

　　Some researchers think a good relationship between a doctor and patients can increase the effectiveness of real medicines. In any case, some medical researchers are against the use of __12__. They think it is __13__ to give some people inactive substances when testing new medicines. They say it would be better to __14__ new drugs with existing drugs. That way, a study would show __15__ the new drug is more effective.

　　1. A. in B. to C. into D. for

　　2. A. named B. called C. referred D. known

　　3. A. better B. worse C. more weakly D. more slowly

　　4. A. which B. that C. what D. whatever

　　5. A. active B. inactive C. effective D. helpful

　　标准答案：C,D,A,B,B

　　解　　析：1. C. divide...into.../把...分成...

　　2.D.known as.../被称为...

　　3.A. 该句说“种试验中， 药物应该比安慰剂得更...，以证明是的”， 判断A(地)是答案。

　　4.B. 空格所在的从句为定语从句。现行词为不定代词(something, some, any, anything, all, little, etc)时定语从句的连接词只能为that.

　　5. B. 空格处的词义为“起作用的”， 则C和D也能在空格中， 这三个选项彼此排除掉， 答案只能为B(不起作用的)。

　　25、 6. A. gets B.buys C. takes D. brings

　　7. A. reduce B.increase C. raise D. enhance

　　8. A.information B. inspiration C.incident D. Influence

　　9. A. inasmuch as B.such as C. as if D. as for

　　10. A. got B. made C. caused D.rendered

　　标准答案：C,A,D,B,B

　　解　　析：6. C。 上文内容和空格处的搭配(...the pills)判断C(服用)是答案。

　　7.A. C和D是近义词，这两个词与effect()搭配使用， 排除C和D;空格所在的句子说“安慰剂效应也能...令人不愉快的情绪的” ， 借助上文内容 – 谈及安慰剂的作用， 空格处应该填reduce。

　　8.D.能与介词on搭配的influence和information: influence on.../对...的; information on.../关于...的消息， 句意判断D()是答案。

　　9.B. 空格后的是名词性短语结构， 排除A和C(连词性的短语结构)。空格前面说“令人不愉快的图片”， 空格后是列举的内容， B(例如)是答案。

　　10.B. 空格后不带to的不定式结构，空格处应该填made。

　　26、 11. A. few B. much C. many D. little

　　12. A. drugs B. cures C.placebos D. medicines

　　13. A. wrong B. right C. sensible D. reasonable

　　14. A. take B. produce C.combine D. compare

　　15. A. if B. how C. when D. where

　　标准答案：D,C,A,D,A

　　解　　析：11. D. 空格后不可数名词(evidence/证据)， 答案只能来自B和D。 前句说“在2001年， 丹麦的者查看了100多项，有?很少? 证据证明安慰剂而使病人痊愈。”， 句句意转折(前文中说安慰剂)还有一点作用， 空格处应该填little(很少， 几乎)。

　　12. C. C 是文章主题词， 填入空格中句意通顺。

　　13.A. B(的)能填入空格中， 则C和D也能填入空格中， 这三个选项彼此排除掉， 答案只能选择A(错误的)。

　　14.D. D()填入空格中， 句意通顺(说最好把新药和现存的药)。

　　15. A . A ()填入空格中句意通顺(那样的话，将证明新药更)。