摘要：定语从句贯穿于每篇文章的始终，除了在运用过程中应注意关联词和先行词的正确使用之外，还应重视考生易犯的几种错误。 关键词：定语从句；易犯错误；高中英语
中图分类号：G633.41 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-9324（2012）03-0163-02
定语从句，又称之为形容词性从句，它贯穿于每篇文章的始终。由于形容词常作定语，用来修饰某些人或事物，它除了在运用过程中应注意关联词和先行词的正确使用之外，根据历年高考题型的单选题和改错题的特点，再根据英汉语言、词语及位置的差异，有些考生还易犯下列几种错误：
1.在定语从句中又出现了（使用了）先行词或代替先行词的词。
例如：（1）This is the most instructive film I have ever seen it。应去掉“it”，因为先行词由形容词最高级修饰，that引导定语从句，that代替先行词的词义并省略。
（2）This is the hall where we had a meeting there a few days ago.去掉“there”，不知道关联词就代替了先行词在定语从句中的意思。
2.由于只考虑先行词而不顾及关联词在从句的语法功能所致。
例如：The school where we visited yesterday was set up five years ago.将where改为which/that或省掉which/that，visit是及物动词。
例如：We"ll never forget the days_____we spent during the holiday.
A.when B.which C.where D.why 答案：B
3.由于分辨不清楚由what引导名词性从句和that引导定语从句差别。
例如：That"s all what I want to say.改为That"s all（that） I want to say.或That"s what I want to say.
4.由于对关系代词that不会使用或记忆错误所致。
例如：（1）Everything which can be done must be done.
（2）This is the last place which I want to visit.
（3）This is the most interesting story which I have ever read.
（4）The characters and conditions which were in the film were very strange.
将（1）（2）（3）（4）中的which改为that。（1）中不知先行词是不定代词或不定复合代词，定语从句关系代词用that。（2）中不知先行词被much，only，any，next，last，very等修饰要用that引导定语从句。（3）中不知先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰，仍用that引导定语从句。（4）中不知当先行词不只一个时，有的指人有的指物，关系代词用that。另外。当先行词是特殊疑问词用that。
例如：Who that you are talking to is the young fellow？再应注意，当关系代词在从句中作表语或there be结构中作主语时，that也可省略。
例如：（1）I am no longer the man?摇?摇?摇?摇I used to be 20 years ago.
A.Who B.Whom C.that D.Whose
答案：C
（2）Mr.Lauren still talks like the man that he was ten years ago.
劳伦先生说话的样子跟十年前一样，一点没变。
（3）He asks for the latest book that there is on the subject.
他要找有关这个题材的最新的书。
5.把强调句型误认为定语从句。
例如：（1）Was it yesterday when he met an old friend in the street？
将when改为that，原因是强调句型不论强调时间或地点都不用when或where，要用that。
6.分辨不清现在分词短语作状语和非限制性定语从句区别。
例如：⑴The meeting was attended by many people，all of?摇?摇?摇?摇stayed until the end.
A.them B.Whom C.Who D.that
答案是B，属于非限制性定语从句。
（2）Hearing the good news，all of jumped with joy.
A.us B.whom C.who D.that
答案：A，现在分词作状语.
7.混淆as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别及用法。
相同点：which与as引导非限制性定语从句其先行词不是一个词，而是指主句的整个内容，表明说话人的观点和看法。不同点：which在从句中不能置于主句之前。而as既可以在主句之前，可置于其后，也可插在主语和谓语之间。
例如：（1）The third blind said“This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see.”（as在从句中做see的宾语）。
（2）she married him，as was natural.
（3）John，as you know，writes plays.
再：as“正如，正像”“一致”时，用之。Which“这一点”，which先行词可以是单个名词，as为整个句子。例如：The meeting，which was held in the park，as a success.
The meeting was a success，as was expected.
若主句内容与从句内容上不一致，或从句对主句内容起反对、排斥、否定等作用时，多用which；而as只能用于主从句的内容一致。
She has married again，as was expected.
She has married again，which was unexpected.
8.分辨不清定语从句与同位语从句区别。定语从句前的先行词是普通名词，且关联词除了连接主从句外，还在从句中担任成份。而同位语从句前是抽象名词，目的是为了进一步说明该名词的内容，只起联接主从句作用，不担任成份，且不能省略。
例如：This is the very book（that）I want.（定语从句）
We heard the news that our team had won.（同位语从句）
注意：where引导定语从句可以修饰抽象名词，它的名词不是具体的名词，而是一个抽象名词，即：point/case/activity/situation/position…etc.
例如：You reach a point where medicine can"t help.
总之，掌握定语从句的八种错误，就掌握了定语从句的基本用法。
作者简介：刘琼（1969-），男，陕西杨凌人，杨陵中学一级教师。