篇一：英文科技论文写作 经典常用例句
经典常用例句
目 录
经典常用例句................................................................................................................................... 1
目 录 .............................................................................................................................................. 1
说 明 .............................................................................................................................................. 5
常用动词........................................................................................................................................... 6
一、 中性词 ....................................................................................................................... 6
1. （文章等）给出、研究、建立、提出、提供 ....................................................... 6
2. 由…得到、得出、得到（结论等） ....................................................................... 6
3. 集中、侧重、强调、注重、聚焦、着重、投精力于 ........................................... 6
4. 用、使用、应用、采用、采取 ............................................................................... 7
5. 构造、形成、构成、由…构成、由…组成 ........................................................... 8
6. 覆盖、包括 ............................................................................................................... 8
7. 包含、包括、涉及 ................................................................................................... 8
8. 认为、发现、观察 ................................................................................................... 9
9. 基于、建立在…基础上 ......................................................................................... 10
10. 在于 ................................................................................................................. 10
11. 放、置于 ......................................................................................................... 10
12. 影响 ................................................................................................................. 10
13. 考虑、考虑到 ................................................................................................. 11
14. 回到、追溯、回归、回顾 ............................................................................. 11
15. 寻求、打算 ..................................................................................................... 11
16. 确定、决定、作决定 ..................................................................................... 11
17. 刻画、描述、表述、描绘、叙述、陈述 ..................................................... 12
18. 指示、显示、表明、指出、指明、标明 ..................................................... 12
19. 意味着、推断、暗示、建议 ......................................................................... 12
20. 描述、刻画、理解 ......................................................................................... 12
21. 需要指出的是、需要强调的是、需要注意的是 ......................................... 13
22. 推荐、建议、劝告 ......................................................................................... 13
23. 展示、表现、展现 ......................................................................................... 13
24. 控制、管理、监管、安排 ............................................................................. 13
25. 使得 ................................................................................................................. 13
26. 扩展、拓展、扩张 ......................................................................................... 13
27. 改变、变更、变化、修改 ............................................................................. 14
28. 贡献、占据、捐献 ......................................................................................... 14
29. 持续、维持 ..................................................................................................... 14
30. 近似、逼近 ..................................................................................................... 14
31. 接近、接触、进入 ......................................................................................... 14
32. 成为 ................................................................................................................. 14
33. 趋势、趋向、潮流、发展（变化）方向 ..................................................... 15
二、 褒义词 ..................................................................................................................... 15
1. 保证、确保、担保 ................................................................................................. 15
2. 澄清、解释、解释为 ............................................................................................. 15
3. 证明、证实、演示、例证 ..................................................................................... 15
4. 尽、尽量、尽力、尽可能的 ................................................................................. 16
5. 努力、尝试 ............................................................................................................. 16
6. 给出、提出、提供、给予、供给 ......................................................................... 16
7. 能、使能、能够、有能力 ..................................................................................... 17
8. 增加、增长、增强、加强 ..................................................................................... 17
9. 胜过、超过、比…多 ............................................................................................. 17
10. 水平、有水平、高水平 ................................................................................. 18
11. 有、享有、允许有、拥有、具有、带有 ..................................................... 18
12. (对…)起作用、有效、运行（执行）良好 .................................................. 19
13. 优化 ................................................................................................................. 19
14. 支持、赞成、推荐、喜欢、更喜欢 ............................................................. 19
15. 期待、期望、指望、有望、有希望 ............................................................. 20
16. 提高、改进、有利于、发展、健康运行 ..................................................... 20
17. 进行、执行、实现、贯彻、完成 ................................................................. 20
18. 解决、克服、突破、避免 ............................................................................. 21
19. 使…简单（容易）、简洁、简便、方便、简单 ........................................... 22
20. 优点、利益、好处 ......................................................................................... 22
21. 有价值、具有理论价值、应用价值（工程应用、价值） ......................... 23
常用名词......................................................................................................................................... 23
一、 中性词 ..................................................................................................................... 23
I. 单纯性名词 ............................................................................................................. 23
II. 动词的名词形式 ..................................................................................................... 23
III. 动名词 ............................................................................................................. 23
二、 褒义词 ..................................................................................................................... 23
I. 单纯性名词 ............................................................................................................. 23
II. 动词的名词形式 ..................................................................................................... 24
III. 动名词 ............................................................................................................. 24
三、 贬义词 ..................................................................................................................... 24
I. 单纯性名词 ............................................................................................................. 24
II. 动词的名词形式 ..................................................................................................... 24
III. 动名词 ............................................................................................................. 24
常用连词......................................................................................................................................... 24
一、 比、象、如、连（联） ......................................................................................... 24
1. 象、如、例如、正如 ............................................................................................. 24
2. 联系、相关、联合、连接、关联、关系 ............................................................. 24
3. 相似、类似、与…一样（相似） ......................................................................... 25
4. 比、比较、对比 ..................................................................................................... 26
5. 比…好，优于、超过、比…高、不亚于 ............................................................. 27
6. 比…差、不如、不比…好、比…少 ..................................................................... 28
二、 因为、为了、所以、目标、观点、角度 ............................................................. 28
1. 因为、由于、鉴于、归功于、归因于 ................................................................. 28
2. 因此，所以 ............................................................................................................. 29
3. 为、为了、为了…目的 ......................................................................................... 29
4. 目标、目的 ............................................................................................................. 30
5. 从…观点来看、从…角度讲、在…意义下、以…意义来看 ............................. 30
常用短语/习语、常用副词/介词 .................................................................................................. 30
1. 在…的前沿，在…领域 ......................................................................................... 30
2. 在…框架内 ............................................................................................................. 30
3. 事先、预先、先于、在…以前、先前的、在前的 ............................................. 31
4. 适合于、适用于、可行的 ..................................................................................... 31
5. 重要的、有用的、本质的、关键的、有益的、作为工具的 ............................. 31
6. 剩余的、其余的、剩下的 ..................................................................................... 32
7. 详细的、详细地 ..................................................................................................... 32
8. 以…（速度、顺序、尺寸、步长、字体等等） ................................................. 32
9. 就…而言、从…方面来看、在…方面 ................................................................. 32
10. 倾向于、易于 ................................................................................................. 32
11. 可接受的、能接受的 ..................................................................................... 32
12. 直接的、直截了当的、显然的、平凡的、容易的 ..................................... 33
13. 可利用的、可获得的、空闲的 ..................................................................... 33
14. 上（半）部分、下（半）部分、左（右）上部、左（右）下部 ............. 33
15. 稍微的（地）、稍稍的（地）、稍许 ............................................................. 34
16. 显然、明显的 ................................................................................................. 34
17. 大量的、丰富的 ............................................................................................. 34
18. 怎样、怎么 ..................................................................................................... 34
19. 无论如何…、不管如何…、无论何事 ......................................................... 34
语法及特殊结构、用法 ................................................................................................................. 34
1. 现在分词的用法 ..................................................................................................... 34
2. 过去分词的用法 ..................................................................................................... 36
3. 不定式的用法：作宾语、作后置定语 ................................................................. 38
4. 缩写、略写、省略句 ............................................................................................. 38
5. 特殊符号的用法 ..................................................................................................... 39
6. 特殊句式 ................................................................................................................. 40
7. （特殊）语法结构：独立主格结构、虚拟语气等等 ......................................... 41
负面表述......................................................................................................................................... 42
一、 否定形式 ................................................................................................................. 42
1. Not及No的形式否定 ........................................................................................... 42
2. 介词意义否定 ......................................................................................................... 43
3. 动词意义否定 ......................................................................................................... 44
4. 短语意义否定 ......................................................................................................... 44
5. 形容词短语意义否定 ............................................................................................. 45
6. 形容词、副词及其比较级意义否定 ..................................................................... 45
7. 前缀及后缀否定 ..................................................................................................... 45
8. 连词意义否定 ......................................................................................................... 46
二、 贬义动词 ................................................................................................................. 46
1. 出现、发生、遇到、遭遇 ..................................................................................... 46
2. 牵扯、牵涉、卷入、包含 ..................................................................................... 47
3. 阻止 ......................................................................................................................... 47
4. 导致、引起、招致、受困于 ................................................................................. 48
5. 掩盖、遮住、隐瞒、隐藏 ..................................................................................... 48
6. 欺骗、被骗 ............................................................................................................. 48
7. 忽略、忽视、省略、避免 ..................................................................................... 49
8. 除…外、除…外（还有） ..................................................................................... 49
9. 排除、去除、删除、去掉、移动 ......................................................................... 49
10. 降低、减少、退化、恶化、减小 ................................................................. 49
11. 失败、失效、舍弃 ......................................................................................... 50
12. 歪曲、曲解、扭曲 ......................................................................................... 50
13. 滥用、混淆、盲目 ......................................................................................... 50
14. 要求、需要、必需、必需品、必须 ............................................................. 50
三、 贬义短语、名词、形容词、介词、连词 ............................................................. 52
1. 不便，麻烦，繁重 ................................................................................................. 52
2. 破费、昂贵、在损害…的情况下、以损害…为代价 ......................................... 52
3. 冒险、风险 ............................................................................................................. 53
4. 挑战 ......................................................................................................................... 53
5. 缺点、缺陷、局限、不利条件 ............................................................................. 53
6. 困难、麻烦、障碍、损失（不利结果） ............................................................. 54
7. 苛刻的、苛求的、受限的、有限的 ..................................................................... 54
8. 差、差的、最差、最差的 ..................................................................................... 54
9. 尽管、不管、不论 ................................................................................................. 55
四、 矛盾（常用于反证法） ......................................................................................... 55
五、 区别、不同、与?不同 ......................................................................................... 55
图、表、例..................................................................................................................................... 56
1. 图 ............................................................................................................................. 56
2. 表 ............................................................................................................................. 56
3. 例 ............................................................................................................................. 56
文章的结尾部分 ............................................................................................................................. 56
1. 经验、教训 ............................................................................................................. 56
2. 总结、概括、报告、结论 ..................................................................................... 57
3. 将来的工作（研究）、开放性的问题 ................................................................... 57
4. 附录 ......................................................................................................................... 58
5. 感谢、感激 ............................................................................................................. 58
6. （文献）引用、参考 ............................................................................................. 58
专业知识......................................................................................................................................... 59
一、 控制 ......................................................................................................................... 59
二、 测量 ......................................................................................................................... 59
三、 神经网络 ................................................................................................................. 60
1. 数据及其处理 ......................................................................................................... 60
2. 神经网络的结构与算法 ......................................................................................... 60
3. 神经网络的训练 ..................................................................................................... 61
4. 神经网络训练的偏差与精度 ................................................................................. 62
5. 神经网络训练的收敛性（稳定） ......................................................................... 62
6. 神经网络的逼近性能与特点 ................................................................................. 63
数学常用语..................................................................................................................................... 64
1. 向量、空间、系统的维数 ..................................................................................... 64
2. 微分、求导、初等变换、可微的（可导的）、导数 ........................................... 64
3. 解方程、给出…的解 ............................................................................................. 64
4. 张成向量空间、取秩 ............................................................................................. 64
5. 距离、度量 ............................................................................................................. 64
6. 平方根 ..................................................................................................................... 65
7. 区间 ......................................................................................................................... 65
8. 精度、准确性、精确性 ......................................................................................... 65
9. 前提、前提条件、充要条件 ................................................................................. 65
10. 在…情况/条件/背景/前提下、背景、情况、前提 ...................................... 65
11. 满足条件、满足要求、条件成立、结论成立 ............................................. 67
12. 可能性、概率、百分比 ................................................................................. 67
13. （作）差、距离、差值 ................................................................................. 68
14. 带入、替代 ..................................................................................................... 68
15. 迭代 ................................................................................................................. 68
16. 划分、分类、分组、分解 ............................................................................. 68
17. 逐步、逐点、逐渐 ......................................................................................... 69
18. 等价、等于 ..................................................................................................... 69
19. 收敛、收敛速度 ............................................................................................. 69
20. 有限步内 ......................................................................................................... 69
21. 计算、计算量 ................................................................................................. 69
说 明
1.“经典常用例句”在其注释中包含“经典短语、经典搭配”等；
2. 这些例句均摘自“美国（或英国）原版外文材料（论文或图书）”，完全值得信赖和模仿。
篇二：科技英语论文实用写作学习心得
科技英语论文写作学习心得
作为一名刚刚步入科研工作的学生，深切的感触到，科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流，讨论，阅读。而面对全球众多的科研工作者来说，本领域学者之间的交流，最多的形式不过于是以文字形式进行传播的科研文章，各个国家学者的文章是大家相互学习的最有效的途径。那么面对不同种族，不同语言，文字的科研工作者来说，要想让更多的相关领域的人们读到自己的文章，对自己的研究成果进行审阅。他们就需要用一种大家都可以看的懂的文字来将自己的文章展现在相关的科研平台上以供大家的查看和检索。英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言，同样可以用来作为科研领域学术文章流通的工具。那么如何写好一篇英文的科技论文，如何让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员可以读懂你的文章，不会对你所达的内容产生歧义，以达到科研学术结论供大家参考的目的，这其中的方式与技巧，必然与我们平常的英语写作形式，写作以及口语表达习惯有着很大的区别。每一个科研学者都需要自己去阅读和学习，英文科技论文当中大家定性的相关规定与方法，从而了解到其他的科研学者是通过什么样的写作模式将自己的科研成果通过英文的方式让更多的人看到，了解并去传播的。 通过对研究生阶段的这门科技英语论文写作课程的学习，让我认识到虽然自己已经经历过从中学到大学的十多年的英文学习，对英文这门语言来说也算是有课一定的掌握，但面对科技论文的写作时发现其有着自己的一套详细而又独特的写作方法，面对这种新颖的写作特点，既觉得新奇有感觉到了有点难受，特别是当面对最后的大作业中文文献翻译成英文时候，深深的感受到其翻译中给我带来的艰难。在课堂上，老师生动，幽默而又不失严厉的教学模式，对学生高标准，严要求，本着对学生负责的态度通过与学生互动对每一个知识点进行讲解，之后又通过在课堂上及时的实战练习，将学过的知识点直接进行应用练习，让学生很快就可以掌握其翻译要领，这样有条有理的教学方法，必然是一个有着多年教学经验的老教师才可以展现出来的风采。教学内容上老师较多将在学术文章中可能遇到的情况进行了举例讲解，如面对实验方法，实验设备，实验数据的分析和结果等语法表达，以及对一篇文章所要具有的结构，主题，除此之外，文章开头的背景，研究课题的意义，目的，价值，研究方法的描写，其中在英语论文的书写中多使用到的语法，时态等都通过不同例句进行分析和学生一起学习。其中的每一个知识点对以后遇到的可能的写作都有着很实用的价值。
教学中的每一个环节老师都主动和大家交流互动，引导大家的思维开放，用自己积累的方式与单词将一句话表达清楚，整个过成让人心情愉悦，轻松。其次，课堂上还着重讲解了在引用文章，引用他人的结论时可能出现的问题及技巧，如何通过时态的不同和使用将不同的内容引用的合理，其中的有些规定在科技文章的写作中如果要想表达的准确，明了还是很有必要的，而这个在自己私下的阅读和练习中是很难以注意到的。在用词造句上，口语与书面语的差别，和使用方法也同样通过例句的分析比较传授给学生，让我深刻的感受到书面语言的正式，严谨。在句型上通过对一段长句的划分析，每一个单词的词性和多意的理解，进行揣摩构造，表达出自己想要讲述的内容，并在课堂上老师多次带领学生一起对一整篇已经在科学杂志期刊上发表过的文章进行现场导读讲解，使学生可以完全跟进老师自己的阅读习惯和模式，以达到将自己的英文方面的技能的到传授的目的。在课堂的结束阶段，老师又对以往大家在英文科技论文写作中经常遇到的各种问
题与错误进行了总结和指导，让我对今后使用英文对科研类文章的撰写有了更大的信心。
总的来说，科技英文论文写作这门课程是一门非常实用的课程，是每一个科研人员都应该学习并拥有的一项必要技能，这门课程对新入学的研究生，即将进入研究岗位的大四学生等都是有着及其重要的教学意义，希望今后将会有更多的接触科研的学生在这个课堂上受益。
篇三：英语科技论文写作
Track before Detect Algorithms
Abstract
Track before detect(TBD)is an algorithm to process the received signal directly. The algorithm can get exact detection and track at the same time, Classical processing is to implement tracking algorithm after threshold processing. Comparing to the classical tracking algorithm, TBD fully uses the information hiding in measurement. So it’s a useful algorithm to detect and track target in low signal noise ratio environment. This article mainly studies how to carry out TBD by dynamic programming algorithm and particle filter. Then the principle and the application of over the horizon radar(OTHR)are introduced. After giving the model of TBD of OTHR, the two kinds of algorithms are used to carry out the TBD of OTHR. Mainly content of the article is: introduce dynamic programming and particle filter based TBD, including their theory and Performance Comparison, the framework of the algorithms, the using bounds, their advantages and disadvantages.
Keywords: maneuvering weak target, track before detect track dynamic programming, algorithm, particle filter
Seamless detection and tracking schemes are able to integrate unthresholded (or below target detection threshold) multiple sensor responses over time to detect and track targets in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high-clutter scenarios. Moreover, iterative tracking algorithms must be initiated appropriately. Under simple conditions, this is not a difficult task. For low observable objects, that is, for targets embedded in a high false return background
These schemes, also called "track-before-detect (TBD)" algorithms, are especially suitable for tracking low-observable targets that would only very rarely cross a standard detection threshold as applied at the sensor level.
Containing 11 papers, this special issue presents latest research in TBD. The topics cover a wide range of research areas including TBD theories and algorithms, including comparison of their performances, and TBD applications in various surveillance scenarios: sequences of infrared images, radar data, infrared radar images, tracking and classification with image and video-based sensors, airborne QuickSAR, and blind mobile terminal position tracking. Theory for TBD
In the first paper in this issue, T. A. Wettergren and M. J. Walsh derived analytical expressions for the expected value and variance of the area of uncertainty achieved by employing a track-before-detect search strategy for localizing a target moving across a distributed sensor network. The analytical expressions were verified by comparison with computational experiments showing exemplary scenarios of uniform, barrier, and arbitrary field designs. In the second paper, M. McDonald and B. Balaji processed real radar data using a finite difference (FD) implementation of continuous-discrete filtering with a four-dimensional constant velocity model. Measurement data is modeled assuming a Rayleigh distributed sea clutter with embedded Swerling 0, 1, or 3 target signal models. The results are examined to obtain a qualitative understanding of the effects of using the different target models. The Swerling 0 model is observed to exhibit a heightened sensitivity to changes in measured signal strength and provides enhanced detection of the maritime target examined at the cost of more peaked or multimodal posterior density in comparison with Swerling 1 and 3 targets.
TBD Algorithms
C. R. Berger et al. introduced an analytical approach to initialize a tracking filter from a minimum number of observations. This directly pertains to multihypothesis tracking (MHT), where in the presence of clutter and/or multiple targets (i) a low-complexity algorithm is desirable and (ii) using a small set of measurements avoids the combinatorial explosion. Two different
implementations are compared, differing in the approximation of the posterior: linearizing the measurement equation as in the extended Kalman filter (EKF) or employing the unscented transform (UT). The approach has been studied in practical examples: 3D track initialization using bearings-only measurements or using slant-range and azimuth only. For these examples, the authors provide detailed discussion and numerical analysis of the examples using Cramer-Rao lower bounds and Monte Carlo simulation for performance comparison and proof of consistency.
O. Nichtern and S. R. Rotman addressed the problem of tracking a dim moving point target in a sequence of IR images. A dynamic programming algorithm (DPA) is used to process the frames of an image sequence containing a target in low SNR conditions. The paper deals with the practical issues of setting the parameters of their algorithm to maximize tracking capability depending on the different levels of noise and different target velocities and mobilities. Therefore, the algorithm is applied to real datasets.
M. Wieneke and W. Koch proposed an integration of a sequential likelihood-ratio (LR) test into the probabilistic multiple hypothesis tracking (PMHT) framework.
An LR formula for track extraction and deletion using the PMHT update formulae is presented. The resulting update formula for the sequential LR test affords the development of track-before-detect algorithms for PMHT. The approach is illustrated by a simulation example.
Performance Comparison
W. Blanding et al. extended the maximum likelihood-probabilistic data association target tracking (ML-PDA) algorithm from a single-target tracker to a multitarget tracker and compare its performance to that of the probabilistic multihypothesis tracker (PMHT). Before developing the extension to the multitarget tracker, they described recent advances in ML-PDA which make it suitable for real-time tracking. Advances are made in computational efficiency and reliability in track validation.
S. J. Davey et al. compared, on the basis of detection performance and computation resource requirements, four different implementations of the TBD paradigm: Bayesian estimation over a discrete grid, dynamic programming, particle filtering methods, and the histogram probabilistic multihypothesis tracker. Similarities and differences, that they found, are discussed and explained.
Applications
M. G. S. Bruno et al. implemented the track-before-detect methodology by sequential Monte Carlo methods to infrared radar images. Their method enables integrated, multiframe target detection and tracking incorporating the statistical models for target aspect, target motion, and background clutter. Two implementations of the proposed algorithm are discussed using, respectively, a resample-move (RS) particle filter and an auxiliary particle filter (APF). Their simulation results suggest that the APF configuration outperforms slightly the
RS filter.
M. Asadi and C. S. Regazzoni developed a novel method to track noigid objects in the presence of occlusion. Objects and their dynamic shape are described by a set of corners. Tracking needs to take place in a multimodal voting space where multimodality occurs because of occlusion events and clutter. The method implements a model-based learning strategy. The approach has been tested with several video sequences showing pedestrians occluded either by a car or another pedestrian. Experimental results show a successful tracking along with a more precise estimation of shape and motion during occlusion events.
P. K. Sanyal et al. addressed the important problem of detecting and georegistering surface moving targets in multichannel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) by an interferometric scheme which allows to detect moving targets well within ground clutter. By multiple threshold comparisons and grouping of pixels within the intensity and the phase images, they showed how to reliably detect and accurately georegister moving targets within short duration SAR. Furthermore, they described a novel channel-to-channel clutter cancellation technique that enhances the performance for the detection of moving targets. The new techniques are applied to real multichannel radar data and result in good performance.
Finally, V. Algeier et al. presented a track-before-detect method for initialization of blind mobile terminal tracking in urban scenarios. The method explicitly takes advantage of multipath propagation. The urban propagation channel is modeled by using context information about the location of the main scattering objects such as buildings which enters into a real-time ray tracing technique. By this, the underlying measurement likelihood function can algorithmically be calculated for a randomly distributed set of potential transmitter positions, which explains the measurement with respect to the main propagation channels. The likelihood function is the key component of a TBD scheme providing initial state estimates for mobile transmitter tracking using particle filtering techniques. The simulation results illustrate the potential of the method.
References
[1] Felix Govaers, Yang Rong, Lai Hoe Chee et Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2011, 2011(1). Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2008, 2008.
[3] Yvo Boers, Frank Ehlers, Wolfgang Koch et Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2008, 2008(1).
[4] A. Hemmingsson, B. Jung, C.
[5] Otto of the American Musicological Society, 1937(2).
[7] Harry G. of Political Economy, 1972, 80(3).
[9] Laukkanen A.-M., Kankare Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 2006, 58(4). Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2008, 2008.
硕研——16班
精密仪器及机械
S14080401003
王英