篇一：英语学术论文写作
Project3 如何避免剽窃、直接引用和间接引用的方法 I．释义练习
A.
The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light—186,000miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.
B.
Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate—yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetarian was good to eat and which was poisonous.
A.提纲：
The principal risks associated with nuclear power is radiation.
_ subatomic particles traveling
_penetrate deep inside the human body
_damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer
_cause genetic diseases in progeny
释义：
The radiation has a great effects on people's health,which from nuclear power and consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light.They can not only initiate a cancer through the damage of biological cells,but also cause genetic diseases through the strike of sex cells
B提纲：
Technology has transformed education at several turning points.
the first technology
_the primitive modes of communication
释义：
Technology has transformed education at several turning points. The first technology was the primitive modes of communication. The way people communicate include mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures even to educate. The methods above can help our ancestors survive in the nature.
II．概述练习
In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families
move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any other generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
第二段：
Controlling idea: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ.
Controlling idea question: What impact was leaded because of the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ?
Answers(supporting details or evidence):
1.cut off the informal flow of information
2.cut off information about the simplest aspects of living
3.family must be consciously learned.
Summary: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱhad a great influence,which cut off the informal flow of informationand information about the simplest aspects of living ,result in their must be consciously learned.
第四段：
Controlling idea: The development of technologies make people getting more information
Controlling idea question: How does technology promote the storage and delivery of information?
Answers(supporting details or evidence):
1.Computer technology store vast amounts of data and locate specific information.
2.Telecommunications developments send multitudes of messages to bombard people .
3. Satellites have extended the power of communications.
Summary: The development of technologies promote the storage and delivery of information,computer technology could store vast amounts of data and locate specific information,telecommunications developments could send multitudes of messages to bombard people ,and satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence,so that people can get more information.
III．文献结论部分概述
A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. Descriptions of the detector and data acquisition assemblies were given, along with overviews of the signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data. Monte-Carlo simulation results showing receiver performance were presented, and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory under nominal background conditions by using the tungsten-silicide super conducting nanowire detector array currently under development at JPL.
Controlling idea: A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station.
Controlling idea question:What areas of the post-processing software receiver for the LLCD backup ground station reflected ?
Answers(supporting details or evidence):
1.The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data.
2. The post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot.
3. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory . Summary: A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing(本文来自：Www.dXF5.com 东星资源 网:学术论文写作中的英文作者) receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory.
篇二：英语学术论文写作project
句子类型和写句的五原则在论文写作中的应用
在学术英语写作中，句子的好坏对整篇文章的质量起着至关重要的作用。句子的类型多种多样，从语法结构上来分句子可以分为简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句；从修辞格上来分句子可以分为松散句、圆周句和平衡句；从形式上来分句子又可以分为长句和短句。从句子的有效性来看，它可以分为五个原则，分别是一致性（unity）、连贯性（coherence）、简洁性（conciseness）、强调性（emphasis）以及多样性（variety）。下面我们对A coded Modulation Scheme for Deep-Space Optical Communications（深空光通信的编码调制方案）这篇论文来重点分析句子类型和写句的五原则是如何在整篇论文中进行体现的。
首先我们来分析写句的五原则在该篇论文中的体现。
1. 一致性（Unity）
一致性是有效句子五原则中的第一个原则，它要求在一个句子中只能表达一个完整的中心思想，它不会包含于题目不相关的信息，以及冗余的信息，或者表达的思想不完整等。假如作者不能在一个句子中表达一个完整的意思，那么读者就不会明白作者想要表达什么想法。因此，一致性对于一个有效的句子还是至关重要的。
例如：Another advantage is that by increasing the codeword length,high performance can be achieved with low overhead.这句话表达的中心思想就是LDPC码的另外一个优点是增加码字，但后面的高性能可以通过低开销来实现是不可省的，它是对前面的补充说明，如果去掉后句子就会显得不完整。
又比如The output of a photon-counting detector is modeled as a Poisson process.这句话是一个完整的句子，如果写成The output of a photon-counting detector is modeled，就是一个不完整的句子，只是表达了光子计数检测器的输出可以建模，而前者把这个模型泊松过程也表达出来显然使句子更加完整，另外该句中也没有冗余的信息，一致性得到了很好的体现。
2. 连贯性（Coherence）
连贯性是指句子与句子之间或者在段落之间有明确的逻辑关系，或因果，或转折，或递进等。句子的每个部分的关系是明确的，如果有错误的平行结构，具有明确的引用，悬挂或错位修饰代词，在人称和数的变化混淆或声音，时态和语气等，它就是不连贯的。
例如：We first compare the performance of the LDPC-APPM codes with that of the SCPPM codes. We then compare the performance of the LDPC-APPM codes with that of the LDPC-coded PPM codes of the same rates and lengths, which pass the soft information of the PPM demodulator to the LDPC code but the PPM demodulator is not involved in iterative decoding. we observe the interleaver gain phenomenon of the LDPC-APPM codes.
首先在这三句话中，三个词first，then，finally把这三句话很好的联系在了一起，说明这三句话之间是并列的关系，即平行结构，但假如去点这三个单词的话，就会使这个小段落在逻辑上非常混乱。另外，在第二句话中，which引导的从句是对LDPC-APPM 码性能的修饰，指通过所述PPM解调器的软信息提供给LDPC码，属于正确的修饰关系，另外but在这使这个分句逻辑关系明确，起到很明显的转折即但是所述PPM解调器的软信息不参与迭代解码。
3. 简洁性（Conciseness）
简洁性是指一个句子中不应该包含任何不必要的话。在表达一个完整的句子时，字使用得越少越好，应该避免累赘和迂回。
例如The system model is presented in Section II. 这句话非常的简洁，但是它表达的意思却非常完整，就是指LDPC-APPM codes这个系统模型在第二部分提出，表达非常直接，没有任何的累赘和迂回。
4. 强调性（Emphasis）
强调句主要包含以下四点，即采用被动语态；重点词汇做主语突出主语，采用主动语态；用词少， 精炼，采用复合句；重点表达放主句，主要动词做谓语。
例如The accumulator and PPM modulation is considered as a single inner code,reffered to as the APPM code.这句话采用的是被动语态，强调累加器和PPM调制被视为一个单独的内码。
又比如The LDPC-APPM is decoded with an iterative demodulator-decoder similar to SCPPM described in [ 1].这句话采用LDPC-APPM做主语，是为了强调这句话是围绕LDPC-APPM来写的，主要是讲它的解码跟APPM码描述的相似。
5. 多样性（variety）
多样性是指句子的开头采用形容词、状语、介词或者不定式等形式，语句不单调，句子中包含多种句式。
例如To realize the gains of iterative decoding algorithms , a soft symbol mapper would compute channel symbol log-likelihoods and deliver them to the inner SISO decoder. 这句话就是以不定式开头，to在这表目的，强调该句的重点是为了实现迭代译码算法的收益。
又比如Although the performance of the LDPC-APPM codes, which are formed from other LDPC codes, are not shown due to space limitation, we have observed that the LDPC-APPM codes outperform the LDPC-APPM codes about 0.85 dB are rate 1/2 at a BER of 10-5.这句话采用让步状语从句开头，先说出LDPC-APPM的缺点，但该句的重点是为了说明LDPC-APPM比其他LDPC码好，另外该句中还包含which引导的定语从句作为修饰部分的作用，使得句式多变化。
然后我们节选其中的一段来重点分析句子的类型。
1. Free-space optics(FSO),or optical wireless communication,is a promising solution for very
high date rate point-to-point communication.
简单句，该句是有一个并列主语以及一个谓语动词
松散句，该句属于松散句三种中的一种情况，即按正常语序排列的简单句
2. In practice,in FSO systems,we are faced with several practical problems,which may
degrade the performance of an FSO link,particularly over ranges of the order of 1km or longer.
复合句，该句属于定语从句，which修饰problems
松散句，该句信息的重心位于前端，为主句在前，从句在后的复合句，这句话的重心是在前端，该句主要是说明我们面临的几个问题，后面which引导的从句主要是对problems的修饰
3. In this paper,we assume that the transmitter and the receiver arefixed and perfectly
aligned,and we consider clear atmosphere conditions.
复合句，该句属于由that引导的宾语从句，一般在论文写作中that不能省略
圆周句，该句的重心位于句末，它主要是为了说我们要考虑大气的影响。
4. Even under such conditions,we are faced with atmospheric turbulence,also known as
scintillation.
复合句
圆周句
5. The resulting channel fading,i.e.,random fluctuations in both the amplitude and the
phase of the received signal,can cause an important degradation in the quality of data transmission.
复合句
圆周句
6. Under weak turbulence conditions,the system performance can be improved
considerably by using channel coding.
复合句
圆周句
7. However,in the cases of moderate to strong turbulence,channel coding alone is not
sufficient to mitigate channel fading efficiently,and it should be used in combination with diversity techniques.
并列复合句，它包含两个子句，该句有单独的信道编码是不够的以及它应该结合多样性技术一起使用两层意思，它们之间是并列的关系。
圆周句，显然该句信息的重心位于后面，前面在中等至强烈的湍流的情况下是对后面两种情况的修饰，后面的内容才是作者想要表达的关键。
Free-space optics(FSO),or optical wireless communication,is a promising solution for very high date rate point-to-point communication. In practice,in FSO systems,we are faced with several practical problems,which may degrade the performance of an FSO link,particularly over ranges of the order of 1km or longer. In this paper,we assume that the transmitter and the receiver arefixed and perfectly aligned,and we consider clear atmosphere conditions. Even under such conditions,we are faced with atmospheric turbulence,also known as scintillation. The resulting channel fading,i.e.,random fluctuations in both the amplitude and the phase of the received signal,can cause an important degradation in the quality of data transmission. Under weak turbulence conditions,the system performance can be improved considerably by using channel coding. However,in the cases of moderate to strong turbulence,channel coding alone is not sufficient to mitigate channel fading efficiently,and it should be used in combination with diversity techniques.
篇三：英文学术论文写作技巧
学术论文英文题目和摘要的撰写方法
一、英文题名
1、题名的结构
英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1 个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。
2、题名的字数
题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。例如，美国医学会规定题名不超过2 行，每行不超过42 个印刷符号和空格；英国数学会要求题名不超过12 个词。总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。
3、中英文题名的一致性
同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
4、题名中的冠词
科技论文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
5、题名中的大小写
题名字母的大小写有以下3 种格式：全部字母大写；每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4 个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写；题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。 6 、题名中的缩略词语
已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。
二、作者与作者单位的英译
1、作者
中国人名按汉语拼音拼写：Cao Chongzhen；CAO Chong-zhen
2、单位
单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。如：
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030,China
三、英文摘要
1、英文摘要的时态
英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳。
（1）一般现在时：用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等；涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，也要用一般现在时。
（2）一般过去时：用于叙述过去某一时刻的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理，只是当时情况；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
（3）现在完成时和过去完成时：完成时少用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。
2、英文摘要的语态
采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。
（1）主动语态：摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态，有助于文字简洁、表达有力。
（2）被动语态：以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。为强调动作承受者，采用被动语态为好；被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。
（3）英文摘要的人称：原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe…， To study…， To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，行文时最好不用第一人称。
3、注意事项
（1）冠词：主要是定冠词the 易被漏用。the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以及独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经明确我们所指的是什么。
（2）数词：避免用阿拉伯数字作首词。
（3）单复数：一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。
（4）使用短句：长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。
一些英文写作的语言技巧总结
a) 如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However 来引导不足，比如：
However, little information..
little attention...
little work...
little data
little research
or few studies
few investigations...
few researchers...
few attempts...
or no
none of these studies
has (have) been less
done on ...
focused on
attempted to
conducted
investigated
studied
(with respect to)
Previous research (studies, records) has (have)
failed to consider
ignored
misinterpreted
neglected to
overestimated, underestimated
misleaded
thus, these previus results are
inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial..
Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...
这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：
However, data is still scarce
rare
less accurate
there is still dearth of
We need to
aim to
have to
provide more documents
data
records
studies
increase the dataset
Further studies are still necessary...
essential...
为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However 之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等。比如：
1)时间问题
如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足。
2)物性及研究手段问题
如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。
3)研究区域问题
首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足。
4)不确定性
虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，这种uncertanties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清。
5)提出自己的假设来验证
如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果。
We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ...
It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).
b) 提出自己的观点
We aim to
This paper reports on
provides results
extends the method..
focus on
The purpose of this paper is to
Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss...
c) 圈定自己的研究范围
前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer 会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等等。为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围：
1)时间尺度问题
如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...
或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term)，你可以说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种。
2) 研究区域的问题
和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区
d) 最后的原场
在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。或者说，further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)。总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments).
关于词汇以及常用结构，要经常总结，多读多模仿才能融会贯通。以上是常见的语言结构，不算抄袭。
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怎样提出观点
在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要。
不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer 的置疑。
1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用
We confirm that...
2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用
We believe that...
3)在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，
用， Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...
4) 在极其特别的情况才可以用We put forward
(discover, observe..) .. "for the first time".
来强调自己的创新。
5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用
We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to..)