篇一：英语写作：英文摘要的书写技巧
开发表的学术论文应附有英文摘要。英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。但是，英文有其自身特点，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。第一，对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选，不属于上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要。第二，对属于"四部分"的内容，也应适当取舍，做到简明扼要，不能包罗万象。比如"目的"，在多数标题中就已初步阐明，若无更深一层的目的，摘要完全不必重复叙述；再如"方法"，有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法，在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称，而不必一一描述其操作步骤。
选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下，摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律：
1、时态：大体可概括为以下几点。
1）叙述研究过程，多采用一般过去时。
2）在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事，宜采用过去完成时。
3）说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用现在完成时。
3、用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如，英文中有不少动词，do,run,get,take等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词，诸如perform,achieve等，以便于读者理解。
1）熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为（1）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首in order to……this paper descri
bes……the purpose of this study is……
（2）表示研究的对象与方法the [curative effect/sensitivity/function] of certain
[drug/kit/organ….] was [observed/detected/studied…]
（3）表示研究的结果：[the result showed/it proved/the authors found] that……
（4）表示结论、观点或建议：the authors [suggest/conclude/consider] that…
2）尽量采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时，使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变的复杂，而且容易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的"时间差"，而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定）。采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语，在简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定的失误。
以上所述只是撰写英文摘要时应注意的问题中的一小部分，尚有许多问题，需要进一步探讨。总之，英文摘要作为医学论文的重要组成部分，其修改和完善是永无止境的。
篇二：高考英语概要写作指导及训练记叙文
t">一、写作指导摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作
A. 摘要应尽量用自己的话完成。不要直接引用原文的句子。
B. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
C. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
D. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”
7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time,
in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause(原文来自：wWW.DxF5.com 东 星资源网:英语概要写作技巧) high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”
可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。 经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。
二、记叙文概要写作
要写好记叙文的概要，先要找到以下两个问题的答案:1.谁做什么了？2.结果如何？如果是夹叙夹议，还要加上这个故事给人们的启示或教育意义。
1.A college student selling Chinese pancake in New York has become Internet hit recently. The pancake stall is owned by a Chinese student surnamed Li, who was born in 1990s. She started to run the pancake stall on Oct. 26 this year. Every day she sells nearly 200 pancakes and gets 1,500 US dollars in return.Every day she sells nearly 200 pancakes and gets 1,500 US dollars in return.
Starting up the business is not an easy thing. Li receives parking tickets every day from New York Traffic Department."Their truck is lovely and the food is delicious. Veggie pancake is sold at 7 dollars each. And you need to pay 2.5 dollars for an extra sausage or ham," said Xu, who is a college student of the New York University.
Li was born and raised in Beijing. She went to the United States for college. She majored in business and minored in art history. After graduation, she did not like working in the office and came up with the idea of starting up her own business.
"I am familiar with Chinese pancake because I grew up in Beijing. I barely saw Chinese pancake in New York so I thought it may have market," Li said.
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2. When her five daughters were young, Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity (团结). To show this, she held up one chopstick,
representing oneperson. Then she easily broke it into two pieces. Next, she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family. She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks. This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up.Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California. However, when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didn't have much money. They moved their family to San Francisco. There they joined Danny's mother, Diana, who owned a small Italian sandwich shop. Soon afterwards, Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant. The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young. However, Helene did not want her
daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard.
Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for themselves, but one by one, the daughters returned to work in the family
business. They opened new restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful. Daughter Elisabeth explains, "Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity, and to have unity we must have peace. Without the strength of the family, there is no business." Their expanding business became a large corporation in 1996, with three generations of Ans working together. Now the Ans' corporation makes more than $20 million each year. Although they began with a small restaurant, they had big dreams, and they worked together. Now they are a big success.
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3.Peter loved to shop used articles. Almost a month ago, he bought a popular word game that used little pieces of wood with different letters on them. As he was purchasing it, the salesgirl said, “Uh, look, the game box haven’t even been opened yet. That might be worth some money. ”
Peter examined the box, and, sure enough, it was completely covered in factory-sealed plastic. And he saw a date of 1973 on the back of the box.
“You should put that up for auction (拍卖) on the Internet, and see what happens.”the salesgirl said.
“Yes, you’re right. People like something rare.” Peter agreed, “I can’t imagine there being very many unopened boxes of this game still around 40 years later.”
“Don’t forget to tell me if you sell it.” the salesgirl smiled.
“No problem.” Peter said.
After he got home, Peter went online to several auction websites looking for his game. But he couldn’t find it. Then he typed in the name of the word game and hit Search. The search result was 543 websites containing information
about the changes of the game. Over the years, the game had been produced using letters in different sizes and game boards in different colors. He also found some lists of game fans looking for various versions of the game. Peter emailed some of them, telling them what he had.
Two weeks later, Peter went back to the shop.
“Hello. Do you still remember the unopened word game?”
The salesgirl looked at him for a second, then recognized him and said, “Oh, hi!”
“I’ve got something for you,” Peter said. “I sold the game and made $1,000. Thank you for your suggestion.” He handed her three $ 100 bills.
“Wow!” the salesgirl cried out. “Thank you, I never expected it.”
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篇三：高考英语作文概括、解析
洁明了，主题突出。概括可采用总→分的形式，即第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的（这句话举足轻重），后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地予以删除。
二、概括的方法：
1、使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思，如改变语态、肯定变否定等，避免抄袭原文句子。
2、议论性或论说文，概括时则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。 概括对方观点首先是要转换视角，即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。
3、如果给的阅读材料是一则故事，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水讲细节，而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。
4、如果是说明性或描述性短文，就必须用概括性的文字说明一现象。
三、概括的写作步骤：
1、寻找关键词。文章的关键词可结合“写”的任务中的“就??”主题发表自己的看法的要求来确定。如，要求你“以约120词谈谈你理想的大学生活”，那么所阅读的文章的主题词就应是“college/university life”。
2、确定主题句。文章的主题句首先可通过所给阅读材料的标题来确定,阅读材料的标题即是文章的论点或主题句。没有标题的文章，我们就尤应注意议论文、夹叙夹论文和说明文的第一段（总起段）和最后一段（总结段），或每一段的第一句或第二句（总起句）和最后一句（总结句）。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
3、重构主题句。概括的主题句要归纳总结性强，能涵盖后面所有的支撑句的内容。
4、重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
四、概括的形式：“主题句+支撑句” 即“主题+主题的什么”。
五、概括的常用句式：
记述文： “主题+故事简述”，其主要句型为：The story tells /emphasizes /focuses on the importance/ necessicities / advantages, disadvantages, reasons, ways, ideas, ?
议论文： “主题/论点+论据”，其主要句型为：论点/主题：The article mainly conveys the idea /discusses the problem/ reasons/ways/ideas,
importance/effect?/focuses on the idea/ tells us the fact that? 论据：For example,? /such as?
说明文：“主题+解释/分述”，其主要句型为：主题：This article points out/ talks about/tells about the common phenomenon that? 解释/分述：for example,?
[写作内容]
学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的“大学校园生活”讨论。听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是“Preparing Myself for College Life”, 内容要点包括：
1. 以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点；
2．然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括：
(1) 对中学生活的感受；
(2) 理想的大学生活；
(3) 中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。
因为写作内容中已规定了你将进行的演讲的标题 “Preparing Myself for College Life”， 而且还要求以120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，所以，毫无疑问，此阅读材料的关键词为“College Life”。而此阅读材料主要表述Mike对大学生的看法或认识，是一篇夹叙夹议型的发言稿。此发言稿共有三段，其中，第一段讲述了适应大学生活的困难，第二段则阐述了适应期过后大学生活的优点，在第三段中Mike对大学生活提出了一个建议。而且，我们不难从文中找到主题句：第一段：The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment.第二段：Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it.第三段：One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. 找到主题句后，我们所要做的就是用自己的语言将这些每段话的主题句串联成文，从而我们得出如下概括：
In his talk, Mike talks about how hard it was for him to adjust to college life and that he finds college life interesting after his tough adjustment. Also, he advises college students to be active on campus. (37 words)
解读“读写任务”的概括技巧
来源：08-09学年度第一期 作者：清远市华侨中学 何燕萍 2008-11-06
关于读写任务的概括，许多学生觉得茫然，不知该从何下手。其实，读写任务的概括并不难。从2007年和2008年的高考卷中，我们不难发现，所给的阅读材料在长度上、难度上都不能达到阅读理解题型的难度要求。一般说来，读写任务中所提供的阅读材料词数不超过250（2007年所提供的阅读材料有238词，2008年则为186词），要求概括的内容不超三段（2007年只有一段话是要求概括的，而2008年则有三段），而且是生词极少、句型相对简单、几乎每一位学生都能理解的文章。因此，各位学生首先要增强信心，相信自己能很好地理解所给的阅读材料；再者，应了解概括的要求并掌握一定概括技巧，从而更出色地完成任务。
一、概括的要求：
简洁明了，主题突出。
概括可采用总→分的形式，即第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的（这句话举足轻重），后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地予以删除。
二、概括的方法：
1、使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思，如改变语态、肯定变否定等，避免抄袭原文句子。
2、议论性或论说文，概括时则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。 概括对方观点首先是要转换视角，即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。
3、如果给的阅读材料是一则故事，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什
么，不能拖泥带水讲细节，而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。
4、如果是说明性或描述性短文，就必须用概括性的文字说明一现象。
三、概括的写作步骤：
1、寻找关键词。文章的关键词可结合“写”的任务中的“就??”主题发表自己的看法的要求来确定。如，要求你“以约120词谈谈你理想的大学生活”，那么所阅读的文章的主题词就应是“college/university life”。
2、确定主题句。文章的主题句首先可通过所给阅读材料的标题来确定,阅读材料的标题即是文章的论点或主题句。没有标题的文章，我们就尤应注意议论文、夹叙夹论文和说明文的第一段（总起段）和最后一段（总结段），或每一段的第一句或第二句（总起句）和最后一句（总结句）。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
3、重构主题句。概括的主题句要归纳总结性强，能涵盖后面所有的支撑句的内容。
4、重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
四、概括的形式：“主题句+支撑句” 即“主题+主题的什么”。
五、概括的常用句式：
记述文： “主题+故事简述”，其主要句型为：The story tells /emphasizes /focuses on the importance/ necessicities / advantages, disadvantages, reasons, ways, ideas, ?
议论文： “主题/论点+论据”，其主要句型为：论点/主题：The article mainly conveys the idea /discusses the problem/ reasons/ways/ideas,
importance/effect?/focuses on the idea/ tells us the fact that? 论据：For example,? /such as?
说明文：“主题+解释/分述”，其主要句型为：主题：This article points out/ talks about/tells about the common phenomenon that? 解释/分述：for
example,?
下面以2008年广东卷为例：
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Hi, I am Mike. I just went through my first year of college. The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment. I went to a very small high school where my mom was a teacher and she did practically everything for me. But at the college I need to know some basic life skills, such as balancing a check-book, laundry, and the things you have to be able to handle that I never thought of in the high school! It was really tough for me at first and I got badly homesick.
Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it –good facilities, helpful instructors, and a good library. The Students’ Union organized various parties every week. I also go to cinemas and concerts, and often spend Saturday nights in pubs and clubs.
One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. I was on the dance team in college and met a ton of people that way?it was so much easier to make friends when you had a common ground.
[写作内容]
学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的“大学校园生活”讨论。听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是“Preparing Myself for College Life”, 内容要点包括：
1. 以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点；
2．然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括：
(1) 对中学生活的感受；
(2) 理想的大学生活；
(3) 中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。
因为写作内容中已规定了你将进行的演讲的标题 “Preparing Myself for College Life”， 而且还要求以120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，所以，毫无疑问，此阅读材料的关键词为“College Life”。而此阅读材料主要表述Mike对大