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成人高考专升本英语考前辅导一
成人高考专升本英语考前辅导一

一、语音
要解决几个问题:1)英文的48个音素 2)最的语音知识,如:元音、辅音、开音节、闭音节 r 音节,等。3)字母读音规则和字母组合(留心注有“例外”的地方)。4)语音练习题。

Little children are fond of stories .小孩子们喜欢听故事。                                                 
  Movie stars are usually popular with young people .影星们常受到年青人的欢迎。
它的单数前常用不定冠词a / an , 当它的单数在句子中作主语时,句子的   谓语也应用单数。例如:
  There is an orange on the table .桌上有只桔子。                                      
  A university is a higher educational institution .大学是高等教育机构。

 不可数名词是指以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它复数单数,它的前面用不定冠词a / an ,
若要表示它的个体意义时,名词短语连用,于中文里的【一 +(量词)+ 名词】,的量词意义依与的名词搭配而定。例如:
 a piece of bread[ cake(蛋糕), paper(纸), thread(线), cloth(布),furniture(家具), coal(煤), news(新闻), advice(意见), information(信息), work(工作), meat(肉) ]                     
   一块面包[ 一块蛋糕、一张纸、一根线、…… ]
   an item of information 一则情报                    a burst of applause 一阵掌声                    
   a fit of anger         一顿脾气                    a slip of paper    一张纸条                     
   a length of cloth      一段布料                    a cake of soap     一块肥皂                      
   a tube of tooth-paste  一条牙膏                     a bottle of ink     一瓶墨水


它在句子中作主语时,句子的谓语也只用单数。例如:                               
  Water is a liquid .水是液体。
  Wealth doesn’t mean happiness .富有并不意
味幸福。                               
                                ( 二 )                               
  上面提到的可数名词和不可数名词并一尘不变的。英文中的一词多义,名词也不例外,同是词在情况下是可数名词,而在另场合却是不可数名词:

 
 
 可数名词: a tin  一只锌罐     a relation  亲属
                  an iron 一把熨斗   a democracy民主
                 a glass 一只玻璃杯
              a beauty美人,美的东西    a wood 一片树林
                 a power大国
 不可数名词: tin    锡  relation 关系   Iron   铁    democracy民主   glass  玻璃     beauty美
    Wood 木头        power威力,电力 
    


 ,在情况下抽象名词可变成可数名词( A );而可数名词在情况下也可以抽象化,变成不可数名词( B ):
 .Would you like some coffee ? (不可数) 喝点咖啡好吗?
Let me have a coffee .       (可数)   给我一杯咖啡吧。                                      
Translation is an art .      (不可数)翻译是一门艺术。                            
I’ve made an English translation of the book . (可数)
                                             我已将那本书译成了英文。
 He got in difficulty again .     (不可数)    他又有困
                                   难了。                               
They met with many difficulties .(可数)     
–                                                                     到

 名词的落脚点在,当名词充当主语时,谓语动词在人称、数等与其——即“主谓性”的问题。
 主谓( Subject-Verb Concord )
   主谓的问题看上去似乎很简单,其实使用起来却那么容易,有时候甚至很
 这是在不同情况下,问题所依据的原则各不相同。就其在现代语法中的
 原则而言,通常有三个不同角度的着眼点:1、语法2、意义3、就近原则。

 主谓的原则是指,主语和谓语从语法:主语是单数,谓语也单数;主语是复数,谓语亦复数。例如:
   A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.
   (主语是单数,谓语也单数
   语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。
   Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.
   (主语是复数,谓语也复数
   语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。

 主语和谓语从语法的问题远不只上述的那么简单。有许多的情况需要地对待:
   #  不定式、动名词、从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例如:
   Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习。
   To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。
   What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了。


 ## 不定代词one, every, each , everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone,
   somebody, either, neither, many a等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
   例如:
    Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。
    Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。
    Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外                                                     活动都的兴趣。


 ### 表示、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单 数。例如:
    One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .
    《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。
    The United States is leading the world in science and technology .
    美国常在世界科技领先。
    The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs .
    联合国在国际事务中起着作用。

 #### a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例如:
    A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition .
    一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出了。
    The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death .
    近来书籍里印刷错误的让人吃惊得要命。
    A substantial portion of the reports is missing .报告都提及实质问题。
    A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有玫瑰香气怡人。

 ##### 由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。,由and连接两个主语时,谓语用复数。例如:
    On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun .
    海边,有些人在打排球,有些人躺着晒太阳。
    Both of us are fond of watching football games .俩都喜欢看足球赛。
    A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China .
    许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去西部工作。
   

 ###### 有些短语,如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of,
 none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词、或是单数的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但后接可数名词的复数作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。例如:
    A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off .
    昨天突然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱。
    A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.
    最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍。
   

 意义( Notional Concord )
   原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓问题。有时主语上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数;而有时主语上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数。1)当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等的词组时,其谓语动词的要依主语的单复数而定。在的句子里,词所的词组不主语自身的单、复数,它们在句子里其实是状语。也说,完全可以将词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上也可以看出,它们与主语之间有“,”隔开。例如:

 Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.
 最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。
 The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
 老师打算周末与学生们一起去野炊。
 The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.
 学生们打算周末与的老师一起去野炊。
 The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night.昨晚,那个仓库连同其所货物一起被烧毁了。


 完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去,它们在句子里是状语:
 Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas.
 Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price.
 The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
 As well as the suitcase, the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.
 The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.

 2)表示、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时,其意义若是指总量
    应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但其意义是指“有多少”则应该看作是复数,
    那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如:
 Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.   人们常大约地将四个星期看成月。
    Twenty years stands for a long period in one’s life.
     二十年在人的一生里意味着很长的时期。
 Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.八十块钱给学生吃月的伙食是足够的了。


 3)形容词前加定冠词即“the + 形容词”作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词 也应该用复数。例如:
    The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old  always consider the young inexperience.
     一,青年人常老年人保守;另一,老年人总是青年人经验。
    In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate.在许多故事里,好人总是有好报;坏人注定要倒霉。

 4)当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时,应看作 单数,谓语动词用单数。,当and 连接两个形容词去修饰单数的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数, 那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如:War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史上的永恒的主题。
 Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.
   丝绸和日本丝绸质量都
   White and black coffee are respectively welcomed by different people. 加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱。


 5)  集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体时视为复数,谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有:army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等等,cattle,people,police看成复数。例如:
 The family are all fond of football.
           那一家人都喜欢足球。
    The family is the tiniest cell of the society.
          家庭是社会的最小的细胞。
   

 The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
     大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局。
  The public now come to know the whole story.
     人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了。
 就近原则( Principle of Proximity )
   原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语。常类句子中的连词有:or, either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …等。例如:
 Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
     我,要对那件事的结局任。

 Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.
    既那些不友好的话,也那不友好的
    让 我沮丧。
   Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.
      仅是他,而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会。
   Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.
      他全家人和他都不知道那件事。


 冠词
 冠词在英文中属于虚词,在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用。这类词的很小,其活动性却。在英文中,a / an并不等于one 。
 例:He only has one dictionary.他一本词典。
                                                           ( ) 
       He only has a dictionary.他一本词典。
                      ( 错误 )                 
     One minute is enough for me to do it .  我做这件事一分
                                   分钟足够了。  ( )                                     
  A minute is enough for me to do it .  我做这件事一分
                                        钟足够了。  ( 错误 )

 1)不定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是:用在可数名词的单数前表示泛指——表明一类人或事物区别于它类。                                                    
 例:I am a Chinese .     我是()人。                                                           
        This is a book .      这是(一本)书。
 2)读音的,在以元音音素开头的可数
 名词的单数名词前用an而不用a 。,当使
 用an时,条件有三:①名词的读音是以元音音素开头——即它的 音标的个音素
 是元音,而说它是以元音字母开头。
 ②它是个可数名词③它还是个单数
 名词。常常见到这类用法:

 a university 一所大学       an hour 小时     
  an orange 一只桔子    an engineer 一位工程师 
  an ordinary man普通人
  an honest person一位诚实的人
 3)定冠词在句子中,既可以用于可数名词前,也可以用于不可数名词前;既用在可数名词的单
 数前,也用在可数名词的复数前。从
 表达意义上讲,它既可表达this, that之意义,也
 可表达these, those之意义。
 例:This is the very ink I’m going to buy .  
               这正是我要买的那种墨水。                                             
                                                

 The words on the blackboard are to be learned
 next time .
 黑板上的单字是下次课要学的。
   4) 定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是对名词
       定,使其某种意义的特定名词。“特
       定意义”是不难看出的, 
 例:Here are the records you want. 是你要的唱片。                                                 
         I bought some records yesterday .                        
              昨天我买了几张唱片。                                                     
         Have you decided on the prices yet ?
              价格你们了吗?


 了上述关于冠词的几个概念以后,
 可冠词用法的情况了。
 .不定冠词用法
 1)用于泛指人或者事
 She wanted to rent an apartment near the campus. .她想在学校附近租一套房子。
 Before she left for London , Sally sent me a
 picture of herself .
 萨莉动身去伦敦前送给我一张她的照片。
  A grammar book is necessary to a language learner.
     对语言学习者来说,语法书是很必要的。
 


 A teacher likes putting a watch on his / her desk while lecturing .老师讲课时总爱将手表放 在讲台上。
 2) 用于某些词组中。用法是约定束成的,
 遵从而无旁的选择。例如:
 have a rest(休息)     have a look(瞧瞧)   
 have a good time(过得开心)
 take a shower(淋浴)  take a break(休息)  
  take a bath(洗澡)     get a cold(患感冒)  
  get a fever(发烧)      develop into a habit
                                                         (养成习惯)
 make a living(谋生)       make a guess at(猜测)

 make a difference between(区分)
 in a moment(过一会儿) in a sense(在某种意义上))  in a way(在某种程度上)  once in a while(间或)
 have an advantage over(优于)
 have an edge(略胜过)
 as a result()     as a rule(通常)      
 as a whole(总体上说)
 定冠词用法:
 1)特指某人、某事
 Wellington is the capital of New Zealand .
       惠灵顿是新西兰的首都。.     


 This is the classroom where we often attend lectures.
 这是常上课的教室。
  Where are the other students ?学生在哪儿?
  This is the head of our delegation.这是代表团团长。
 2)指世上独一无二的事物
 We have friends all over the world .的朋友遍天下。
 The moon goes around the earth .月亮绕着地球转。
 The sun is rising in the east .太阳在东方冉冉升起。
 They have launched several satellites into the outer space .已向外层空间发射了几颗人造卫星。
  


 3)重提前文中提到过的人或事物(即文中
      的人或事物)
 He, suddenly ,saw an isolated house at the foot of
 the mountain . And curiosity made him approaching
 the house .他突然看到山脚下有一栋孤独的房子;
                            好奇心驱使他向那栋房子 走了
  Last weekend , I met a girl at the party given by my
 friend . And the girl happen to be one of my  former
  schoolmates .
 上周末,我在朋友举行的聚会上遇到了一位女孩;那位女孩碰巧是我 的老同学。

 4)说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物
 Be sure to bring me the book when you come next time. .你
         下次来要将那本带给我。
   ——Where to go Jack ? ——To the library .
   ——杰克,你去哪里?——去图书馆。
   ——Do you know where the dictionary is ?
   ——It’s on the desk by the computer .
  ——你知道那本词典在哪儿吗?
  ——在电脑旁边的书桌上。


  5)用于序数词、形容词的最高级、和表示方位的名词前
   Thanksgiving Day is on the 4th Thursday in November.
  .    感恩节在每年十一月的个星期四。
   Changjiang is the longest river in China .
       长江是最长的河流。
   Japan lies to the east of China .日本位于的东面。
   He is one the most famous football stars in the world .
       他是世界最著名的足球明星
 6)间或用于单数的可数名词前表示泛指
 The compass was invented in China.
 指南针是发明的。

 

 The horse is a useful animal .马是有用的动物。
   The tiger is in danger of extinct .老虎有绝种的危险。
   The monkey is a clever animal .猴是聪明的动物。
   注:“泛指”是从整个属类的意义上说,而
 “用人或物来说明整个属类的 特点”。也说,属前者情况时加用定冠词表示泛指,属后者情况时
 则加不定冠词表示泛指。
 7)用于某些由普通名构成的专有名词前 
   the People’s Republic of China共和国
  the United States of America美利坚合众国
   the Ming Dynasty明朝            the Great Wall长城 
  the Great Cultural Revolution文化大革命
  

 8)用于某些词组中。用法是约定束成的,我
      们遵从而无旁的选择。
   in the morning ( afternoon , evening )
   上午(下午,晚上)        go to the cinema 看电影
   on the whole总体上         to the best of就……所及  
  the sane as  和……一样 
 out of the question不的  on the one hand一      on the other hand 另一
 on the average说来     on the contrary相反地       in the least 一点,丝毫
 in the long run从长远来看   in the event of   万一          in the final analysis归根结底


 9)定冠词+形容词使形容词名词化
   We always stand for the oppressed and the exploited.
       .永远支持受压迫、受剥削的人们。
   The aged are well taken care of in the community .
         在社区,老人的照顾。
   She was fond of writing about the unusual .
        她喜欢写古怪的题材。
 The school for the deaf and the blind is just newly built.
         那所聋哑人学校是刚刚新建的。

  零冠词(即:不用任何冠词)的使用情况
 1)复数可数名词前不用任何冠词,表示泛指
   Horses are useful animals .马是有用的动物。
   Children are often curious about things around them .
          孩子常对周围的事物奇。
 。  2)不可数名词前不用任何冠词,表示泛指
   Water is colorless .水是无色的。
   Iron is one of the most useful metals .
            铁是最有用的金属
   The world is made of matter .世界是由物质构成的。
   People can’t live without air .空气人就无法生存。


 3)呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用任何冠词
   Professor Li just came back from New Zealand .
            李教授刚从新西兰回来。
   Mr. Rieder likes tennis .里德先生喜欢打网球。
   Doctor Smith sent me a birthday present yesterday .
           史密斯博士昨天送给我一份生日礼物。
 4)含有day的节日名词前不用任何冠词
   New Year’s Day  元旦  Women’s Day  妇女节 
   Youth Day  青年节        May Day   五一劳动节
   Children’s Day 儿童节  Mother’s Day母亲节 
   Father’s Day父亲节       Teachers’ Day教师节 
   National Day 国庆节


 5)球类运动、棋类游戏或表示三餐饭的名词前不用任何冠词
   He likes playing basketball and football .
       他喜欢打篮球、踢足球。
 We are invited to dinner in her family this evening .
       今晚应邀去她的家吃饭。
 6)专有名词前不用任何冠词
   Zhengzheng was promoted to professor in 1997 .
         郑征于己于1997年晋升为教授。
   Xiong Dunli is the director of the foreign
   languages department .
         熊敦礼是外语系主任。
  


 7)表示季节,月份或星期的名词前不用任何冠词
   Milk is liable to go bad in summer.牛奶在夏季易变质.。
   She was born on October 29th .她生于十月二十九日。
   We have our lectures everyday except Thursday
          除了星期四每天都有课。
   8)前面已有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作
        定语的名词前不用任何冠词
   My house is much bigger than his .
         我家的房子比他的大多了。
   This garden is newly built .这座花园是新建的。
   Each member in our department has a computer .
         系人手一部计算机。
  

 9)某些习语或固定词组中的名词前不用任何
 冠词用法是约定束成的,遵从
 而无旁的选择。
  go to school上学          at school在学校
  after school放学后       go to bed睡觉 
  in bed在床上     day by day日复一日    by way of途经 
  by chance意外地           by nature天生地 
   by mistake 无意地板    for instance例如 
  for example例如           from time to time不时地
  in case 以防万一          in fact事实上  
 in memory of为纪念     keep pace with  跟上……步伐

 

 代词( the Pronoun )
 代词是用来指代人或事物的词。代词可分为下列八类:
 一、人称代词( Personal Pronouns )      we , I , you ,
                                                              they , us , me , ect.  
 二、物主代词( Possessive Pronouns )   our , my ,
                                                 your , their , his , her , ect.
 三、反身代词( Reflective Pronouns )    ourselves ,
                     myself , yourselves , yourself , herself , ect.
 四、代词( Reciprocal Pronouns )   each other ,
                                                               one another , ect.
 五、指示代词( Demonstrative Pronouns ) this , that ,
                                                     these , those , such , ect.  

 六、疑问代词( Interrogative Pronouns )  what , when ,
                                                  who , where , whose , ect.  
 七、关系代词( Relative Pronouns)      what , when ,
                                                  who , where , whose , ect. 
 八、不定代词( Indefinite Pronouns )    any , some ,
                                    every , many , much , a little , ect.
 对代词是很熟悉的,我不打算逐个地介绍每
 一类代词;我只想较地说明几个在使用代词时
 应注意的问题。
                         ( 一 )指代无误

 

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