Abstract.The application of multimedia technology in the art education process and the reformation it brings is an important topic in the field of current art education research. Relevant discussions can basically come under the topic of “information technology and cultural education”. On the basis of comparing the traditional art education, this paper focuses on discussing the constitution way and characteristics of multimedia, this kind of latest technology. In addition, it pays attention to the degree and meaning of which multimedia has transformed the art education and its limitations.
Key words: Multimedia；art education
Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as an medium with multiple content forms or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which use only rudimentary computer display such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content forms. Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia also describes electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term rich media is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application. Multimedia may be broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories. Linear active content progresses without any navigational control for the viewer such as a cinema presentation. Non-linear content offers user interactivity to control progress as used with a video game or used in self-paced computer based training. Hypermedia is an example of non-linear content. Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a navigation system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via an interaction with the presenter or performer.
1.The Multimedia Technology in the Twenty-first Century
“Multimedia” is composed of by multiple and media. The key word is media. There two kinds of meanings for the word medium. In communications, media are the storage and transmission channels or tools used to store and deliver information or data. It is often referred to as synonymous with mass media or news media, but may refer to a single medium used to communicate any data for any purpose.Media, through media and communications psychology, has helped to connect diverse people from far and near geographical location. It has also helped in the aspect of internet business and other activities that have an on-line version. All media intended to affect human behaviour is initiated through communication and the intended behaviour is coached in psychology. Therefore, understanding media and communications psychology is fundamental in understanding the social and individual effects of media. The expanding field of media and communications psychology combines these established disciplines in a new way. Timing change based on innovation and efficiency may not have a direct correlation with technology. The second kind is the carrier that transmits information.
Since media is the plural of medium, the term multimedia is used to describe multiple occurrences of only one form of media. This is why it is important that the word multimedia is used exclusively to describe multiple forms of media and content. The term multimedia is also ambiguous. Static content may be considered multimedia if it contains both pictures and text or may be considered interactive if the user interacts by turning pages at will. Books may also be considered non-linear if the pages are accessed non-sequentially. The term video, if not used exclusively to describe motion photography, is ambiguous in multimedia terminology. Multiple forms of information content are often not considered modern forms of presentation such as audio or video. Likewise, single forms of information content with single methods of information processing are often called multimedia, perhaps to distinguish static media from active media Performing arts may also be considered multimedia considering that performers and props are multiple forms of both content and media. Multimedia presentations may be viewed by person on stage, projected, transmitted, or played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be either analogy or digital electronic media technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming multimedia may be live or on-demand. Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to, advertisements, art, education, entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific research and spatial temporal applications. Several examples are as follows. Creative industries use multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from fine arts, to entertainment, to commercial art, to journalism, to media and software services provided for any of the industries listed below. An individual multimedia designer may cover the spectrum throughout their career.
2.The Basic Situation of Multimedia Application in the Education Field
Currently in the field of education, there are three main aspects of the application of multimedia technology. The first one is the electronic journal. The second kind is the multimedia-aided teaching and the third one is the distance teaching.
Electronic journals are scholarly journals or intellectual magazines that can be accessed via electronic transmission. In practice, this means that they are usually published on the Web. They are a specialized form of electronic document: they have the purpose of providing material for academic research and study, and they are formatted approximately like journal articles in traditional printed journals. Most commercial journals are subscription-based, or allow pay-per-view access. Many universities subscribe in bulk to packages of electronic journals, so as to provide access to them to their students and faculty. It is generally also possible for individuals to purchase an annual subscription to a journal, via the original publisher. An increasing number of journals are now available as online open access journals, requiring no subscription and offering free full-text articles and reviews to all. Individual articles from electronic journals will also be found online for free in this manner: in working paper archives; on personal homepages; and in the collections held in institutional repositories and subject repositories. Some commercial journals do find ways to offer free materials. They may offer their initial issue or issues free, and then charge thereafter. Some give away their book reviews section for free. Others offer the first few pages of each article for free.
After the development of multimedia technologies, the multimedia assistant learning has been produced combining the computer assistant learning technology. Compared with traditional education, Multimedia Teaching had advantage on intelligence, information, novelty and so on. The problem on excluding from conventional classroom mode, having all one"s goods in the windows preciosity, content excessively and teacher became a person engaged in projection were discovered in multimedia assistant teaching today. Furthermore, some advice was brought forward according to above mentioned question. A comprehensive and new educational technology and education manner has been produced due to the integration.
At the end of 20th century, a new kind of educational model occurs. Distance education or distance learning is a field of education that focuses on teaching methods and technology with the aim of delivering teaching, often on an individual basis, to students who are not physically present in a traditional educational setting such as a classroom. It has been described as a process to create and provide access to learning when the source of information and the learners are separated by time and distance, or both. Distance education courses that require a physical on-site presence for any reason have been referred to as hybrid or blended courses of study. Adult learners utilizing distance education can face obstacles such as domestic distractions and unreliable technology which could make completing a distance education course difficult.
3.The New Characteristics of Multimedia Education and the Comparisons with Traditional Education in the Field of Arts
Enhanced levels of interactivity are made possible by combining multiple forms of media content. Online multimedia is increasingly becoming object-oriented and data-driven, enabling applications with collaborative end-user innovation and personalization on multiple forms of content over time. Examples of these range from multiple forms of content on sites with both images and title user-updated, to simulations whose coefficients, events, illustrations, animations or videos are modifiable, allowing the multimedia experience to be altered without reprogramming. In addition to seeing and hearing, technology enables virtual objects to be felt. Emerging technology involving illusions of taste and smell may also enhance the multimedia experience.
As for multimedia technology includes computer interaction technology and large capacity storage management technology, the system designs adopts super-text structure. It is much more beneficial for the information receiver to select flexibly on the information and make organization and arrangement on the messages.
3.1.Multimedia teaching is equipped with interaction
The apparent characteristics of multimedia are the interaction of information and in-time feedback.
This is why it"s important that the word multimedia is used exclusively to describe multiple forms of media and content. The term "multimedia" is also ambiguous. Static content may be considered multimedia if it contains both pictures and text or may be considered interactive if the user interacts by turning pages at will. Books may also be considered non-linear if the pages are accessed non-sequentially. Creative industries use multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from fine arts, to entertainment, to commercial art, to journalism, to media and software services provided for any of the industries listed below. Although there is disagreement as to the number of steps, examination of the various lists of steps in the teaching process reveals that different authors are saying essentially the same thing: the teaching of new material can be reduced to preparation, presentation, application, and review and evaluation. Discussions in this handbook focus on these four basic steps. For each lesson or instructional period, the instructor must prepare a lesson plan. Traditionally, this plan includes a statement of lesson objectives, the procedures and facilities to be used during the lesson, the specific goals to be attained, and the means to be used for review and evaluation. The lesson plan should also include home study or other special preparation to be done by the student. The instructor should make certain that all necessary supplies, materials, and equipment needed for the lesson is readily available and that the equipment is operating properly.
3.2.Multimedia teaching is equipped with diversifications
The mental experiments of Teacher show that 83% of the information acquired by human beings is beneficial to acquisition and maintenance of knowledge. The information acquired by human beings comes from visual. Learning is acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviours, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. The study of how learning occurs is part of neuropsychology, educational psychology, learning theory, and pedagogy. Learning may occur as a result of habituation or classical conditioning, seen in many animal species, or as a result of more complex activities such as play, seen only in relatively intelligent animals. Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness. There is evidence for human behavioural learning prenatally, in which habituation has been observed as early as 32 weeks into gestation, indicating that the central nervous system is sufficiently developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early on in development. Play has been approached by several theorists as the first form of learning. Children play, experiment with the world, learn the rules, and learn to interact.
In the second place, people usually remember 10% of the reading content. 20% of the content that oneself is reading. 30% of the content that has been read literally and 50% of the content is remembered both by reading and listening. The two forms of associative learning are classical and operant conditioning. In the former a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented together with a reflex eliciting stimuli until eventually the neutral stimulus will elicit a response on its own. In operant conditioning certain behaviour is either reinforced or punished which results in an altered probability that the behaviour will happen again. Delayed discounting is the process of devaluing rewards based on the delay of time they are presented. This process is thought to be tied to impulsivity.
3.3.The application of the super-text function in the multimedia teaching
Super text functions can realize the most effective organization and management to the multimedia teaching information.
If the teaching materials are organized according to the methods of super text, it is entirely different from the traditional printed books.
Multimedia learning is the common name used to describe the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. This theory encompasses several principles of learning with multimedia. This allows us to simultaneously process information coming from our eyes and ears. Thus a learner is not necessarily overwhelmed or overloaded by multimodal instruction, and it can in fact be beneficial. The finding that items presented both visually and verbally are better remembered gave rise to dual-coding theory, first proposed and later applied to multimedia by Richard Mayer and his associates. Mayer has shown learners are better able to transfer their learning given multimodal instruction. Mayer explains the modality effect from an information processing and cognitive load perspective. Not all research has found that the principles of multimedia learning apply generally outside of laboratory conditions. In their study, adding approximately 50% additional extraneous but interesting material did not result in any significant difference in learner performance.
3.4.The multimedia technology can create an ideal learning environment
Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented near rather than far from each other on the page or screen. Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented simultaneously rather than successively. Students learn better when extraneous material is excluded rather than included. Design effects are stronger for low-knowledge learners than for high knowledge learners, and for high-spatial learners rather than for low-spatial learners. Students learn better from animation and narration than from animation, narration, and on-screen text. Thus it’s better to eliminate redundant material. This is because learners do not learn as well when they both hear and see the same verbal message during a presentation. Initially the instructional content of these multimedia learning studies was limited to logical scientific processes that centred on cause-and-effect systems like automobile braking systems, how a bicycle pump works, or cloud formation. But eventually it was found that the modality effect could be extended to other domains, which were not necessarily cause-and-effect based systems.
The characteristics of art are to strengthen the personality and the differences as well as the unique creativity. The multimedia teaching happens to satisfy all of these requirements.
4.The Limitations of the Application of the Multimedia Arts Education
The characteristics of art are to strengthen the personality and the differences as well as the unique creativity. The multimedia teaching happens to satisfy all of these requirements.
1)In the first place, equip the entire teaching system with multimedia equipments. In addition, the teachers and students shall grasp the multimedia technology in a good manner.
2)In the second place, use the multimedia teaching materials that are organized through super text technologies. The database shall have a lot of advantages such as the thinking.
3)As the development of information technology is rapid. This is one of the weaknesses of the multimedia teaching application. The invocation of the technologies has resulted in the innovation of equipment and software. This innovation has wasted a great amount of time and effort.
5.References
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