【摘要】独立主格结构是语言的另外一种表达方式，只要在实践和应用时认真分析，对中学生来说，独立主格的运用，在一定程度上能综合提升学生的语言掌握能力，尤其是在写作方面有所帮助，使学生的文章更加完美。本文通过对英语句型的实例分析，是学生较全面地掌握独立主格结构的综合运用。
【关键词】独立主格结构；写作；语言表达
在学习分词时，我们常常会讲到独立主格（the Nominative Absolute Construction)。什么是独立主格？如何正确的做对习题以及写出正确的句子？很多学生很茫然，不知如何下手。试看下面同学们在使用独立主格结构时常常犯的错误：
例如：准备好了所有的东西，他们出发了。
很多学生会翻译为：All things were prepared，they started out.
正确的是：All things prepared，they started out.
错误的原因是：尽管All things与prepare是被动关系，但一个句子只能有一个谓语，也就是：they started out.是以完整的句子，所以All things的谓语只能用非谓动语即过去分词：prepared。
再如：没人有话要说了，会议结束了。
错误为：Nobody had any more to say，the meeting was over.
正确为：Nobody having any more to say，the meeting was over.
错误的原因是：一个句子只能有一个谓语，the meeting was over已是以完整的句子，所以Nobody后的谓语只能用非谓语动词，谓语Nobody与had是主动关系，因此应使用having。
下面我来给大家介绍一下关于如何正确使用独立主格结构的问题：
我们知道，分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致，否则，分词有自己的逻辑主语，这种情况构成的句子，就是独立主格结构。独立主格结构在句子中充当状语，可放在句首，也可放于句末，说明谓语发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随（方式）等，因此也可将其改为状语从句（伴随可改为并列句）。除有分词构成的结构外，还有其它的一些结构。在几年的教学中，我将其归类为以下四种情况：
1.逻辑主语 + 分词 (现在分词，过去分词，分词的完成式或分词的完成被动式)
Weather permitting，we will spend the holiday at the seaside.天气允许，我们将去海边度假。（条件 = If weather permits；permit与逻辑主语weather是主动关系，所以用现在分词。）
He lay on his back，his hands crossed under his head.他仰面躺着，双手交叉枕在头下。（伴随 = and his hands were crossed under his head；cross与逻辑主语his hands是被动关系，所以用过去分词。）
The earthquake having destroyed everything，they became homeless.地震毁坏了一切，他们无家可归。（原因 = Because the earth had destroyed everything；destroy与逻辑主语the earthquake是主动关系，又发生在主句动词become之前，所以用分词的完成时。）
All flights having been cancelled，they had to go there by train.所有的航班被取消了，他们不得不乘火车去那儿。（原因 = Since all flights had been cancelled；cancel与逻辑主语all flights是被动关系，并且有发生在had to go之前，所以用分词的完成被动式）
2.逻辑主语+（being）+ 形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/分词/不定式(即主系表结构)
The old man lay in the ground，his face （being）pale.老人躺在地上，脸色苍白。（形容词；伴随 = and his face was pale）
The meeting（being）over，they all went back to their posts.会议结束，他们都会到了岗位上。（副词；时间 = When the meeting was over）
They(being)my best friends，I often share my happiness with them.(名词；原因 = Since they are my best friends)
The possessor came in，book（being）in hand.教授进来，手里拿着一本书。（介词短语；伴随 = and a book was in hand）
The task(being)finished，we felt greatly relaxed.任务完成之后，我们感到很轻松。（分词；时间 = After the task was finished）
Their son went to America，their daughter （being）to look after them.他们的儿子去了美国，女儿将照顾他们。（不定式；因果 = so their daughter was to look after them）
3.with/without + 逻辑主语 + 分词/不定式/形容词/副词/名词/介词短语
With night coming on，they went home.夜幕降临，他们回家了。（现在分词；伴随 = As night came on）
With the test finished，they began to discuss the result.测试结束后，他们开始讨论其结果。（过去分词；时间 = After the test was finished）
Without a word spoken，he left the room.一句话没说，他离开了房子。（过去分词；伴随 = A word wasn’t spoken，and）
With a lot work to do，he decided to stay in the office.有很多工作好做，他决定呆在办公室。（不定式；原因 = As there was a lot of work to do）
With the door open，the students entered the classroom.门开了，学生走进了教室。（形容词；伴随 = As the door was open）
With the sun up，they continued their journey.太阳升起，他们继续行程。（副词；伴随 = As the sun was up）
With this her favorite，she has treasured it to this day.这是她的最爱，他一直藏到现在。( 原因 = As this is her favorite)
He came downstairs with his coat over his arm.他走下楼下，外套打在胳膊上。（介词短语；伴随 = and his coat was over his arm）
4.there + being + 其他成分（即 there be 句型）
There being nothing to do，we went home.没什么事可做，我们回家了。（原因 = Because there was nothing to do）
There being no excuse for absence，she went to the concert with him.没有缺席的理由，他和她去参加音乐会了。（原因 = Because there was no excuse for absence）
通过上述的分析与举例，我们也可以看出，独立主格结构实际上是语言的另外一种表达方式，独立主格结构并不难，只要在实践和应用时认真分析，一定会有所收获。我想大家也有所收获，希望我对“关于如何正确使用独立主格结构的问题”的分析，在写作方面对大家有所帮助，使大家的文章更加完美。
参考文献
[1]刘润清.外语教学的科研方法[M].北京:北京外语教学与研究出版社,文化研究,1999.
[2]吕煦.实用英语修辞[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
作者简介：杜梅（1970―），女，陕西省子洲县子洲中学英语教师。