动词的语态
语态有两种：语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为语态；主语是动作的者时为被动语态。
注意：1）感官动词语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加\"to\"。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。
--> I was made to go out of the classroom （by the teacher）.
　 We saw him play football on the playground. 看见他在草场踢球。
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
　 2）情态动词+ be +分词，构成被动语态。例如：
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 煤可以产生工农业需要的电。

12.1 let 的用法
　 1）当let后单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。例如：
They let the strange go.放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
　 2）当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。例如：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.

12.2 短语动词的被动语态
　 短语动词是整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：
　　My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
　　Such a thing has never been heard of before. 的事闻所未闻。

12.3 表示\"据说\"或\"相信\" 的词组，上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如：
It is said that…　　 据说　　
It is reported that… 据报道　　　
It is believed that…　大家相信　　　　　
It is hoped that…　大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知　　
It is thought that…　大家
It is suggested that…　据建议　　　　　
It is taken granted that…　 被视为当然　
It has been decided that… 大家决定　　
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是

12.4 不用被动语态的情况
1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread,
stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等无被动语态。
　 例如：After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
　 ：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
　 （错） The price has been risen.
　 （对） The price has risen.
　 （错） The accident was happened last week.　　　
　 （对） The accident happened last week.
　 （错） The price has raised.　　　　　　　　　　
　 （对） The price has been raised.
　 （错） Please seat.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　 （对） Please be seated.
　　要想地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
　2） 用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
　 Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与听说的。
　3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。
　4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，反身代词，代词，用于被动语态。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
　5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：
　　 （对） She likes to swim.
　　 （错） To swim is liked by her.

12.5 表示被动意义
　1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：
　　 The book sells well.　　这本书销路好。
　　 This knife cuts easily.　 这刀子用。
　2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：
　　 I was to blame for the accident. 事故了，我该受指责。
　　 Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
　3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词用。例如：
　　 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
　　 This book is worth reading.　这本书值得一读。
4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解）等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。

12.6 被动表示意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）,
get married等。例如：
　　He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
　　注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：
　　He married a rich girl. 他与富妞结婚了。
　　He got married to a rich girl.

12.7 need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如：
　 Your hair wants cutting.　你的头发该理了。
　 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
典型例题
　　The library needs___, but it\'ll have to wait until Sunday.　
A. cleaning　 B. be cleaned　 C. clean　 D. being cleaned
　　答案A. need （实意） +n /to do，need （情态）+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后用法，选A。如有to be cleaned 则也为答案。

13. 句子的种类
（一）按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明事实或陈述看法。例如：
　 Light travels faster than sound.　光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）
　 The film is rather boring.　这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：问题。有四种：
　 a. 疑问句（General Questions）：
　　　 Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时工作吗？
　 b. 特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）：
　　　 Where do you live?　你住那儿？
　 c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
　　　 Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶要咖啡？
　 d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
　　　 He doesn\'t know her, does he? 他不认识她，对？
3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：请求，建议或发出命令。例如：
　　 Don\'t be nervous!　别紧张！
4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：
　　 What good news it is!　多好的消息啊！
（二）句子按其结构可以分为三类：
1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps.　 她喜欢集邮。
2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：
　 The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没胃口。
3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含主句和或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词。例如：
　 The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 到达电影院的时候，电影开演了。
（三）句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底由五种句型组合、扩展、而来的：
1) 主 + 动（SV）例如：I work.　我工作。
2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy.　约翰忙。
3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English.　她学英语。
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress.　我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
13.1 祈使句结构
　 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。
1）祈使句有两种类型，是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do （但只限于省略人称主语的句子）。例如：
　　　 Take this seat. 坐这儿。
　　　 Do be careful. 务必小心。
　 否定结构：例如：
　　　 Don\'t move. 不准动。
　　　 Don\'t be late. 不要迟到。
2）种祈使句以let开头。
　　 Let 的反意疑问句：
　 a. Let\'s 包括说话者。例如：　
　　 Let\'s have another try, shall we / shan\'t we? = Shall we have another try? 再试一次，如何？
　 　 b. Let us 不包括说话者。例如：
　　 Let us have another try，will you / won\'t you? = Will you please let us have another try? 你让再试一次，好吗？
　 否定结构：例如：
　 Let\'s not talk of that matter. 不要谈这件事。
　 Let us not talk of that matter. 你不要让谈这件事。

13.2 感叹句结构
　　感叹句通常有what, how，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有几种：
　　它的搭配，即了感叹句的。
How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如：How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！
What +名词+陈述语序。例如：What noise they are making! 真吵！
What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：What wonderful ideas （we have）! 的主意真棒！
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！
What a clever boy he is!的省略为：What a clever boy!
典型例题
1）___ food you\'ve cooked!
A. How a nice　　B. What a nice　　C. How nice　 D. What nice
　 答案D. How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，A，B 排除。C的 How + adj. 后面再加名词，D，其句型为What + adj. +n. （不可数）。
2）___terrible weather we\'ve been having these days!　
A. What　 B. What a　　C. How　 D. How a　
　 答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。
3） --- _____ I had!
　　 --- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time　　B. What time　　 C. How a time　　 D. how time
　 答案A.　感叹句分两类：
　　　　　1：What + n.+主谓
　　　　　2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓。本题属第，但省略了bad，相 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。

13.3 强调句结构
常用的强调句结构是it 的句子，结构为It is（was）+ 被强调+ that （who） + 句子的其余。此结构强调的成分限于主语，宾语和状语。例如：
　 It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 是从太阳那儿获取光和热。
　 It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 知道读了你的信，我才知道情形。
典型例题
1）It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A.　the time　B.　when　 C.　that　　D.　which
　 答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调 + that （who））+ 主谓句。　强调句的连词两个，that和who。当强调的是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 \"who\"，其余用that。再如：原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
　 　 强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
　 强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
　 强调： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. （注意不用when）
　 强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that　B. when　 C. since　 D. as
　 答案C. 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是完整的句子。而本句去掉 \'It is…that\'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。本句强调句。

13.4 用助动词强调
　　句子的强调句还可以用助动词do （did，does） 强调谓语。例如：
　 She does like this horse.　她的确喜欢这匹马。
　 Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。

13.5 反意疑问句
1）　陈述的主语是I，疑问要用 aren\'t I。例如：
　　 I\'m as tall as your sister, aren\'t I? 我跟你姐一样高，对吗？
2）　陈述的谓语是wish，疑问要用may +主语。例如：
I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我想与你说句话，行吗？
3）　陈述用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问用肯定含义。例如：Some plants never blown （开花）, do they ? 有些植物从不开花，对吗？
4）　含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述是肯定的，疑问用shouldn\'t / oughtn\'t +主语。例如：
　　 He ought to know what to do, oughtn\'t he? / shouldn\'t he? 他应该知道该做，对吗？
5）　陈述有have to +v. （had to + v.），疑问常用don\'t +主语（didn\'t +主语）。例如：
　　 We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don\'t we? 要在明天早上八点到达那儿，是吗？
6）　陈述的谓语是used to 时，疑问用didn\'t +主语或 usedn\'t +主语。例如：
　　 He used to take pictures there, didn\'t he? / usedn\'t he? 他以前常在那儿拍照，是吗？
7）　陈述有had better + v. 疑问句用hadn\'t you? 例如：
　　 You\'d better read it by yourself, hadn\'t you? 你最好去读，好吗？
8）　陈述有would rather +v.，疑问多用 wouldn\'t +主语。例如：
　　 He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn\'t he? 他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵，是吗？
9）　陈述有You\'d like to +v. 疑问用wouldn\'t +主语。例如：
　　 You\'d like to go with me, wouldn\'t you? 你想和一块去，对吗？
10） 陈述有must 的疑问句，疑问情况而定。例如：
　　 He must be a doctor, isn\'t he? 他肯定是医生，是吗？
　　 You must have studied English for three years, haven\'t you? / didn\'t you? 你读过三年英语，对吗？
　　 He must have finished it yesterday, didn\'t he? 他肯定是在昨天任务的，是吗？
11） 感叹句中，疑问用be +主语。例如：
　　 What colors, aren\'t they? 多漂亮的颜色，是吗？
　12） 陈述由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问其逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 你工程师，我也，对吗？
13） 陈述主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问主语用it。例如：
　　 Everything is ready, isn\'t it? 一切就绪，是吗？
14） 陈述为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问有三种情况：
　 a. 并列复合句疑问，谓语动词邻近从句的谓语而定。例如：
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn\'t he?
史密斯先生曾几次去过北京，按理说他现在应该在，是吗？
　 b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问谓语主句的谓语而定。例如：
　　 He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn\'t he? 他说他想去日本看看，他是那样说的吗？
　 c. 陈述主句为人称，谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等的定语从句，疑问与宾语从句应构成反意疑问句。例如：
　　 I don\'t think he is bright, is he? 我他并不聪明，是吗？
　　 We believe she can do it better, can\'t she? 相信她能做得，她能吗？
15） 陈述主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问常用复数they，有时也用单数he。例如：
　　 Everyone knows the answer, don\'t they?　（does he?） 人人都知道答案，是吧？
　　 Nobody knows about it, do they? （does he?） 没人知道这件事，是吧？
16） 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问常用 need （dare ） +主语。例如：
　　 We need not do it again, need we ? 不必重做一遍，是吗？
　　 He dare not say so, dare he? 他不敢说，是吗？
　 当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问用助动词do + 主语。例如：
　　 She doesn\'t dare to go home alone, does she? 她不敢独自回家，是吗？
17） 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问用will you。例如：
　　 Don\'t do that again, will you? 别再做，好吗？
　　 Go with me, will you / won\'t you ? 跟我走吧，好吗？
注意：Let\'s 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
　　 Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you? 例如：
　　 Let\'s go and listen to the music, shall we? 一起去听音乐，好吗？
　　 Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ? 你让在阅览室等你，好吗？
18） 陈述是\"there be\"结构的，疑问用there省略主语代词。例如：
　　 There is something wrong with your watch, isn\'t there? 你的表有问题，对？
　　 There will not be any trouble, will there? 不会有麻烦吧，是吗？
19） 否定前缀视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定。例如：
　　 It is impossible, isn\'t it? 这不，是吗？
　　 He is not unkind to his classmates, is he? 他不会对他同学使坏，是吗？
20） must在表\"推测\"时，其推测的情况来反意疑问句。例如：
　 He must be there now, isn\'t he? 他现在肯定在那儿，是吧？
　 It must be going to rain tomorrow, won\'t it? 明天肯定要下雨，是吗？

13.6 反意疑问句练习
1. You’d rather watch TV this evening, ______?
a. isn’t it b. hadn’t you c. wouldn’t you d. won’t you
2. I suppose you’re not going today, ______?
a. are you b. do you c. don’t you d. aren’t you
3. I wish to shake hands with you, ______?
a. shall b. may I c. do I d. will I
4. Three hours ought to be enough time, ______?
a. oughtn’t three hours b. didn’t they c. shouldn’t it d. shouldn’t three hours
5. They have to study a lot, ______?
a. don’t they b. haven’t they c. did they d. hadn’t they
6. When the car crashed, your brother escaped being hurt, ______ ?
a. didn’t he b. did he c. did it d. didn’t it
7. I\'m sure dirty, ______?
a. am I b. isn’t I c. aren’t I d. am not I
8. You seem to be dissatisfied with your present post. I don’t think you judged your ability objectively when you applied for it, ______ you?
a. do b. did c. don’t d. didn’t
9. That’s the sort of the book you want, ______?
a. is it d. isn’t that c. is that d. isn’t it
10.All these dictionaries are a great help to you, ______?
a. are they b. aren’t they
c. are all these dictionaries d. aren’t all these dictionaries
11.The movie that we saw last week was quite interesting, ______?
a. wasn’t it b. was it c. didn’t we d. weren’t we
12.Tom has been writing letters all afternoon, but he should have finished them by now, ______?
a. hasn’t he b. has he c. shouldn’t he d. didn’t you
13.David told me that you would take a trip to America, ______?
a. would you b. wouldn’t you c. did you d. didn’t you
14.There appeared to be no better way, _______?
a. was there b. were there c. did there d. didn’t there
15.You has some trouble finding where I live, ______?
a. didn’t you b. hadn’t you c. do I d. don’t I
16.He has his hair cut every month, ______?
a. has he b. hasn’t he c. does he d. doesn’t he
17.Your friend needs to come earlier, ______?
a. does he b. doesn’t he c. need he d. needn’t he
18.The little boy dare not go to church, ______?
a. dare he b. daren’t he c. does he d. doesn’t he
19.Susan’d have worked abroad if she’d had the chance, ______?
a. has she b. hadn’t she c. would she d. wouldn’t she
20.Everyone’s having a good time, ______?
a. is he b. isn’t everyone c. does he d. aren’t they
21.Any one can join the club, ______?
a. can any one b. can’t any one c. can’t they d. can they
22.Tell me how to operate the electronic computer, ______?
a. will you b. shan’t you c. do you d. don’t you
23.Magaret scarcely comes to visit you on Christmas Day, ______?
a. doesn’t she b. does she c. do you d. don’t you
24.Let’s listen to the radio program that the teacher mentioned, ______?
a. do we b. don’t we c. shall we d. shan’t we
25.You think you’re funny, ______?
a. didn’t you b. are you c. don’t you d. do you
26.Janet used to take part in labor in that village, ______?
a. used she b. did she c. didn’t she d. should she
27.What beautiful weather, ______?
a. is it b. isn’t it c. won’t it d. doesn’t it
28.He ought to go to Kwangchow by plane, ______?
a. should he b. shouldn’t he c. would he d. wouldn’t he
29.We never dared to ask him a question, ______?
a. did we b. didn’t we c. dared we d. daren’t we
30.Nobody will believe how difficult his work has been ______?
a. will he b. won’t nobody c. will they d. won’t they
31.You must have made the mistake, ______?
a. mustn’t you b. haven’t you c. didn’t you d. hadn’t you
32.Learning how to repair computers takes a long time, ______?
a. isn’t it b. aren’t they c. doesn’t it d. don’t they
33.Jack has coffee with breakfast, ______?
a. hasn’t Jack b. hasn’t he c. doesn’t Jack d. doesn’t he
34.They must have stayed at hotel last night, ______?
a. mustn’t they b. haven’t they c. didn’t they d. hadn’t they
35.There isn’t anything wrong with the radio, ______?
a. is there b. is it c. does it d. does there
36.You must be hungry, ______?
a. must you b. mustn’t you c. are you d. aren’t you
37.Let’s do the exercises by ourselves, ______?
a. shall we b. shan’t we c. will you d. will we
38.Her daughter had the carpets and curtains cleaned, ______?
a. had she b. hadn’t she c. didn’t she d. didn’t her daughter
39.The teacher had a talk with you, ______?
a. has you b. hadn’t she c. did she d. didn’t she
40.Something’ll have to be done about the air pollution, ______?
a. won’t it b. will it c. has it d. does it

1 C 19 D 37 A
2 A 20 D 38 C
3 B 21 C 39 D
4 C 22 A 40 A
5 A 23 B 41
6 A 24 C 42
7 C 25 D 43
8 B 26 C 44
9 D 27 B 45
10 B 28 B 46
11 A 29 A 47
12 C 30 C 48
13 B 31 B 49
14 D 32 C 50
15 A 33 D 51
16 D 34 C 52
17 B 35 A 53
18 A 36 D 54