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系动词和be动词的区别 [There,be结构用法归纳及常见考点]

时间:2019-01-17 来源:东星资源网 本文已影响 手机版

  There be结构和五大类基本句型(主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓双宾、主谓宾补)一样,在英语中应用非常广泛,被称作第六大类基本句型,是中考热点,也是同学们感到棘手的考点之一,所以有必要总结归纳其常见考点。
  「观察」
  观察下列句子中 there be的用法,然后加以归纳总结。
  1. There is a ruler on the desk.
  There must be something wrong here.
  2. There is a bird and two apples in the tree.
  There are two apples and a bird in the tree.
  3. There is a boy in the room.
  There are some boys in the room.
  There aren’t any boys in the room.
  Are there any boys in the room?
  4. (1) ―Is there a ball under the table?
  ―Yes, there is./No, there isn’t.
  ―Is there(any)water in the bottle?
  ―Yes, there is./No, there isn’t.
  ―Are there any children near the door?
  ―Yes, there are./No, there aren’t.
  (2) How many students are there in your class?
  How much water is there in the bottle?
  5. Long long ago, there lived a king.
  There stands a tall tree in front of the classroom.
  There goes the bell for class.
  Look!There comes the bus.
  6. There is going to be a heavy snow tonight.
  There seems to be something wrong with the engine.
  Therehappened to be a car nearby.
  There used to be a hospital here.
  There is likely to be a meeting at 5 o’clock.
  7. There are five people in my family.
  My uncle Sam has three children.
  「归纳总结」
  1. There be结构在英语中表示“某处(时)有某物(人)”。句型构成:引导词There+连系动词be+主语(人/物)+地点(介词短语或副词)。如句1。
  2. There be结构的主谓一致:适用于就近一致――当主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,其谓语必须用单数;当主语是可数名词复数时,其谓语必须用复数。如句2。
  3. There be句型常用的修饰词:当主语是单数名词常用不定冠词a/an来修饰;当表示“一些”时,some常用于肯定句或表示建议、邀请的疑问句中,any用于否定句或疑问句中。如句3。
  4. There be的基本句式:
  (1) 在构成一般疑问句时,其句型结构为:
  1Is+ there +a/an+单数可数名词+介词短语?
  2Is+ there+不可数名词+介词短语?
  3Are+ there+ any+可数名词复数+介词短语?
  4Is+ there+ any+不可数名词+介词短语?
  肯定回答用Yes, there is/are. 否定回答用No, there isn’t/aren’t.如句4(1)。
  (2) There be句型的特殊疑问句构成为:
  ① How many+可数名词复数+are there+介词短语?
  ② How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语?
  这种句型主要用来询问“某处有多少人或物”。如句4(2)。
  5. There be结构的变体,即谓语动词除be之外,还可以用live, lie, stand, remain, go, come,等表示“存在”意义的不及物动词。
  6. There be结构中的谓语动词可以是be going to/seem to/happen to/be likely to/used to+be(原形)。
  7. There be句型与have/has的用法区别:
  There be句型与have/has均表示“有”,但There be 句型强调“某处有某人/某物”,着重“存在”的状态;have/has则强调“某人有某物”,着重“所有”。
  常见考点及解析
  考点一 对There be结构基本理念的考查
  根据句子的时间状语或上下文暗示、衔接等,在初中阶段be的形式有以下几种:
  ① 现在时(is/are)、过去时(was/were)、将来时(will be)、完成时(have/has/had been);
  ② 可以与情态动词连用,组成there+情态动词+be的形式,表推测语气;
  ③ 可与seem, appear, used to等状态词连用,构成there seems/appears/ happen to /used to be……。
  典例1 (2009•泸州)_____ will be a basketball game tomorrow.
  A. There B. That C. It
  解析 本题考查there be 结构的基本句式。根据语境应选A。
  典例2 (2011•陕西) If there_____no buying and selling of animals,there_____no killing in nature.
  A. is;will be B. will be;will be
  C. is; is D. will be;is
  解析 本题考查there be结构的时态。注意在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中不能用将来时态,应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时,故第一空用is。根据语境,主句应该用一般将来时,所以选A。
  典例3 (2010•滨州)There_____be a cinema here before the war.
  A. seems to
  B. appear to
  C. used to
  解析 本题考查there be结构与seem, appear, used to等状态词连用的用法。根据句意“战前,这儿有一家电影院”应该用过去时,排除A和B,故选C。
  典例4 (2011•甘肃兰州)There_____a basketball match between Class One and Class Three this afternoon.
  A. is going to be B. will be
  C. are going to be D. is going to have
  解析 本题考查there be 结构的主谓一致以及be going to 和will的区别。be going to 表示按计划或安排要发生的动作,而will只表示单纯的将来,并无按规定或计划之意。根据句意应选A。
  典例5 (2010•宁德)There_____be something wrong with your watch because it often keeps bad time.
  A. can B. must
  C. will D. need
  解析 本题考查there+情态动词+be表推测的用法。can用于疑问句和否定句表推测,译作 “可能”,must用于肯定句表推测,译作“肯定,准是”,will表将来,need译作“需要”,根据句意“你的表经常走错,所以它肯定出毛病了。”, 答案选B。
  考点二 There be结构的就近一致原则
  Be动词的形式受后面靠近它的主语人称和数两方面的制约,必须采取就近一致原则,即与临近的主语保持一致。所以考生必须看清楚there后跟的是可数名词,还是不可数名词。还必须注意既有可数名词又有不可数名词的时候,be动词形式的就近一致性。
  典例6 (2010•山东临沂)There_____a tiger and two chimpanzees in the zoo. Let’s go there this weekend.
  A. are B. has
  C. is D. have
  解析 本题考查there be 结构的主谓一致。根据there be 结构的句式构成,首先排除B、D两个选项,由于there be结构中遵循就近一致的语法规则,题目中的邻近主语为单数可数名词a tiger,故选C。
  考点三 考查There be和have/has在表示“有”的含义时的区别
  英语中表示“有”的含义时,可用there be 句型,也可以用have/has来表示,但二者在用法上有根本的区别:
  There be句型表示“存在”, 强调“某处有某人/某物”;have/has(got)表示“所有、拥有”, 强调“某人(物)有某物。在there be 句型中be 的形式不能用have/has替代。如上面典例4、6。又如:
  典例7 (2009•北京)There_____many students in the library after school ever day.
  A. has B. have
  C. is D. are
  解析 本题考查there be 结构和动词have/has在表示“有”时的用法区别,又考虑主谓一致问题,故此答案选D。
  考点四 考查There be结构的反意疑问句和一般疑问句句式
  There be句型的反意疑问句必须用there 进行反问,此时需要注意的是there be 句型中是否含有seldom, hardly, little, few, no, nothing, nobody之类的否定词或半否定词。如果有,则there be 句型为否定形式,反意疑问部分必须用肯定式。如果there be句型中带有加否定前缀构成的否定词如unimportant,misfortune,informal,irregular等,则there be 句型为肯定形式,反意疑问部分仍要用否定形式。
  典例8 (2009•绥化)There is no important information in the newspaper,_____?
  A. isn’t there
  B. is it
  C. is there
  解析 本题考查there be 结构的反意疑问句,题干陈述部分为含有否定副词no的否定句,故反意疑问部分应用肯定形式,此题答案应选C。
  典例9 (2010•新疆)―_____any water in the bottle?
  ―Yes,it’s full.
  A. There is B. There are
  C. Are there D. Is there
  解析 本题考查there be 结构的一般疑问句句式。Water为不可数名词,故选D。
  考点五 考查There be结构的变体――谓语动词除be外的其它不及物动词形式
  典例10 (2011•安徽)Hey,Nick_____ comes the last bus!
  Hurry up,or we’ll have to walk home.
  A. This B. There
  C. That D. It
  解析 本题考查There be结构,谓语动词除be之外,还可以用live, lie, stand, remain, go, come,等表示“存在”意义的不及物动词。根据句意“嘿,Nick,最后一趟公共汽车终于来了!快点儿,要不然,我们得步行回家。”应选B。

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